经皮肾镜取石术联合二期输尿管软镜手术治疗孤立肾复杂性结石的疗效研究

目的 探讨一期经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)联合二期输尿管软镜手术(retrograde intrarenal surgery,RIRS)治疗孤立肾复杂性结石的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年4月至2012年5月收治的21例孤立肾鹿角形结石或多发性结石患者的临床资料,男15例,女6例.年龄19～76岁,平均45岁.其中先天性孤立肾3例,对侧肾切除孤立肾9例,功能性孤立肾9例.鹿角形结石13例,多发性结石8例.结石最大径3.8 ～6.8 cm,平均4.6 cm.全麻下,行C臂X线定位下PCNL,采用第四代EMS超声碎石系统碎石.术后常规留置6F双J管及肾造瘘管.术后1d复查KUB及CT评估残留结石部位及大小.PCNL术后3～30 d行RIRS.全麻下,先取截石位,拔除双J管,在C臂X线引导下置入斑马导丝及12 ～14 F输尿管软镜鞘.采用Olympus P5纤维软镜或者电子软镜及200μm钬激光光纤(8～20 W)碎石.对于＜2 cm残留结石,粉碎后自行排出或套石篮取出.对于＞2 cm的残留结石,以钬激光击碎结石后,用套石篮将较大的碎石片转移至肾盂,改俯卧位,行二期PCNL取石,术后均留置双J管.术后1d复查KUB,术后1～2d拔除肾造瘘管,2～3周拔除双J管.术后3个月复查KUB或CT,评估结石清除率.结果 本组21例PCNL中采用单通道18例,双通道2例,3通道1例.手术时间45 ～175 min,平均95 min.残留结石大小1.0～3.5 cm,平均1.9 cm.结石残留在下盏7例、上盏及下盏4例、中盏及下盏6例、上中下盏均残留4例.PCNL术后发热2例,1例迟发性出血患者采用超选择性肾动脉栓塞治愈.RIRS手术时间35 ～ 95 min,平均72 min.RIRS术后1 d结石清除率为85.7％(18/21).3例残留结石患者中,1例经二期PCNL、2例经ESWL治疗后,结石清除率95.2％ (20/21).2例RIRS术后发热和输尿管石街形成,采用输尿管硬镜取石术治愈.术后3个月随访,患者肌酐为88 ～ 230 μmol/L,平均(138.7±38.3) μmol/L,平均下降了(16.8±25.4)μmol/L,肾功能改善15例,稳定5例,恶化1例,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 一期PCNL联合二期RIRS治疗孤立肾复杂性结石安全有效,出血量少,可有效保护肾功能.     

The Application of Indocyanine Green to Evaluate Duodenal Perfusion in Pancreas Transplantation

In cases of suspected duodenal ischemia during pancreas transplantation, surgical decisions severely affect the outcome of the patient and the graft. The use of a nontoxic intravenous tracer, indocyanine green, allows the surgeon to evaluate the perfusion of tissues within seconds of injection. Its application to pancreas transplantation has not been reported previously.     

Cardiovascular ultrasound: expanding frontiers in vascular disease

Advances in cardiovascular ultrasound have included development of instrumentation providing outstanding images, as well as color spectral Doppler hemodynamic information. The increasing utilization of cardiovascular ultrasound has led to its increasing diagnostic application and accuracy in the evaluation of the patient with known or suspected cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease. The sensitivity of duplex ultrasound to detect carotid disease varies from 87% to 94% with a specificity of 88% to 93%. The accuracy of duplex examination for detection of peripheral venous disease, when compared to contrast venography, is high. A sensitivity of nearly 93% with a specificity of 98% has been noted. Cardiovascular ultrasound is a noninvasive technology with no known biological hazard that can be applied to the broad spectrum of patients including those who are critically ill. It is a relatively low-cost procedure when compared to other diagnostic procedures and can be performed on a serial basis. Since it provides anatomical and functional hemodynamic information, it is rapidly becoming the procedure of choice not only for diagnosis, but also for management.     

Carotid Artery Calcification on Orthopantomograms (CACO Study) – is it indicative of carotid stenosis?

It is unclear whether incidental carotid artery calcification (CAC) on radiographs has a defined relationship to clinically significant carotid artery stenosis, and therefore risk of stroke. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain the relationship between dental radiograph detected carotid calcification and carotid artery stenoses ≥50% on carotid duplex ultrasound. We carried out an observational study of patients undergoing routine dental orthopantomogram (OPG) examinations. Consecutive patients with CAC on OPG were prospectively matched to those without CAC based on age and gender. Ultrasound of the carotid arteries was performed to determine the presence of stenosis (≥50%) in either vessel. Of 5780 consecutive OPG examinations with suitable images for analysis, CAC was detected in 10.8%. A total of 233 patients underwent carotid ultrasound (130 with and 103 without CAC on OPG). The prevalence of a clinically significant (≥50%) carotid stenosis on ultrasound was 15.4% (20/130) in those with CAC and 5.8% (6/103) for those without CAC on OPG. Incidental CAC detected on routine OPG requires both radiological reporting and clinical follow‐up since 1 in 7 patients will have a clinically significant carotid artery stenosis as compared with 1 in 20 patients who do not have CAC. Trial Registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry website (U1111‐1148‐1066). http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12613001038785.aspx     

The discard of deceased donor kidneys in the UK

It is essential to minimize the unnecessary discard of procured deceased donor kidneys, but information on discard rates and the extent to which discard can be avoided are limited. Analysis of the UK Transplant Registry revealed that the discard rate of procured deceased donor kidneys has increased from 5% in 2002‐3 to 12% in 2011‐12. A national offering system for hard‐to‐place kidneys was introduced in the UK in 2006 (the Declined Kidney Scheme), but just 13% of kidneys that were subsequently discarded until 2012 were offered through the scheme. In order to examine the appropriateness of discard, 20 consecutive discarded kidneys from 13 deceased donors were assessed to determine if surgeons agreed with the decision that they were not implantable. Donors had a median (range) age of 67 (31–80) yr. Kidneys had been offered to a median of 3 (1–12) centers before discard. Four (20%) of the discarded kidneys were thought to be usable, and nine (45%) were possibly usable. As a result of these findings, major changes to the UK deceased donor kidney offering system have been implemented, including simultaneous offering and broader entry criteria for hard‐to‐place kidneys. Organizational changes are necessary to improve utilization of deceased donor kidneys.