Chronic opioid treatment of neuroblastoma X dorsal root ganglion neuron hybrid F11 cells results in elevated GM1 ganglioside and cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels and onset of naloxone-evoked decreases in membrane K+ currents

Prolongation of the action potential duration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons by low (nM) concentrations of opioids occurs through activation of excitatory opioid receptors that are positively coupled via G_s regulatory protein to adenylate cyclase. Previous results suggested GM1 ganglioside to have an essential role in regulating this excitatory response, but not the inhibitory (APD-shortening) response to higher (μM) opioid concentrations. Furthermore, it was proposed that synthesis of GM1 is upregulated by prolonged activation of excitatory opioid receptor functions. To explore this possibility we have utilized cultures of hybrid F11 cells to carry out closely correlated electrophysiological and biochemical analyses of the effects of chronic opioid treatment on a homogeneous population of clonal cells which express many functions characteristic of DRG neurons. We show that chronic opioid exposure of F11 cells does, in fact, result in elevated levels of GM1 as well as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), concomitant with the onset of opioid excitatory supersensitivity as manifested by naloxone-evoked decreases in voltage-dependent membrane K⁺ currents. Such elevation of GM1 would be expected to enhance the efficacy of excitatory opioid receptor activation of the G_s/adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP system, thereby providing a positive feedback mechanism that may account for the remarkable supersensitivity of chronic opioid-treated neurons to the excitatory effects of opioid agonists as well as antagonists. These in vitro findings may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndromes and opioid-induced hyperalgesia after chronic opiatf addiction in vivo. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

THE INCREASE OF FEMORAL ARTERIAL FLOW BY STIMULATING THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL MEDULLA IN CATS

1. In chloralose-urethane anaesthetized cats, the dorsal cardiovascular reactive area (DCRA) in the parvocellular reticular nucleus dorsomedial to the facial nucleus, and the ventral cardiovascular reactive area (VCRA) ventromedial to the facial nucleus, were stimulated by microinjections of sodium glutamate (100–200 nmol) or electric current. 2. Stimulation of DCRA, with a long latency of 15–20 s, elicited a marked increase of blood flow in the contralateral femoral artery with little change to moderate increase in systemic arterial blood pressure (ABP). In the relatively dorsal portion of DCRA, however, a smaller increase of blood flow in the ipsilateral femoral artery was elicited. 3. On the other hand, stimulation of VCRA with a short latency (3–5 s) evoked an increase of blood flow in both femoral arteries which was more prominent on the contralateral side. The responses were accompanied with decreases in the blood flow of other vascular beds with only a slight increase or minimal change in ABP. 4. The data suggest that DCRA and VCRA are both viscerotopically organized to alter the resistance of individual vascular beds for redistribution of blood flow.     

Anatomy and histology of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) prostate

Gross anatomy and the light and electron microscopic characteristics of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora) prostate are described. The prostate is a pair of compound tubuloalveolar glands with one main excretory duct for each gland. Each gland is divided into ventral and dorsal lobes. The tubuloalveoli are larger in diameter and the secretory cells are lower in the ventral than in the dorsal lobes. Probable spontaneous release of secretory granules and accumulation of secretory material in secretory lumina are only observed in the ventral lobes. Secretory material is often crystallized in the secretory lumina. The epithelium of excretory ducts consists of mucous-type secretory cells and the boundary between this epithelium and the glandular epithelium is complex. The glandular epithelium consists of secretory and clear cells. This report illustrates that the structure of the prostate of musk shrew is unique among mammals.     

备用根大鼠脊髓后角提取液中神经营养活性组分的分离及生物活性测定

制作备用根大鼠脊髓后角提取液，取其分子量大于10kD的组分进行SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析，发现手术侧和非手术侧的电泳区带数目大致相同，但手术侧样品的第四条蛋白质区带扫描的吸收峰面积百分比大于非手术侧样品的第四条区带，两者在量上可能有差别。将手术侧样品经交联葡聚精G-75凝胶层析，得到两个洗脱峰．第一峰洗脱液有促进体外培养的背根节神经元存活及其突起生长的作用，其电泳分析显示4条主带，分子量在40～80kD之间．实验结果提示部分去传入纤维支配的脊髓后角组织含有神经营养活性物质，该物质的分子量约在40～78kD之间．     

Serotonergic projections from the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe dorsalis to the nucleus parafasccicularis of the thalamus

By a double-labeling method combining the retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and the immunocytochemical technique, serotonin-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR) of the rat were observed to send projection fibers to the nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus bilaterally with an ipsilateral dominance. These serotonin-containing projecting neurons were observed mainly at the middle-caudal levels of the ventrolateral subdivision of the PAG and less at the middle-rostral levels of the DR.     

阴茎背深静脉包埋术治疗勃起功能障碍5例

目的 :评价阴茎背深静脉包埋术治疗勃起功能障碍 (ED)的疗效。　方法 :对 3例静脉性和 2例动静脉混合性ED病人施行阴茎背深静脉包埋术 ,术后随访疗效。　结果 :术后 2个月首次随访 ,3例静脉性ED病人获得满意性交 ,2例动静脉混合性ED病人基本能勃起 ,口服西地那非 5 0mg后可以完成性交。 5例术后随访 3～ 12个月(平均 7个月 )保持以上疗效。　结论 :阴茎背深静脉包埋术创伤小 ,几乎无并发症 ,是治疗静脉性ED的有效疗法     

中缝大核内催产素在大鼠痛行为调制中的作用

目的：探讨中缝大核（NRM）内催产素（OT）在痛行为调制中的作用，及其和内源性5－HT在痛行为调制中的关系。方法：以钾离子透入法引起大鼠甩尾反应的电流强度（mA)为痛行为反应指标，测定动物痛阈，观察NRM内催产素对大鼠痛行为反应的影响。结果：NMR内注入催产素后，大鼠的痛阈明显增加；注入抗催产素血清后，大鼠的痛阈则明显降低。NRM内注入噻庚啶后，可阻断OT镇痛的效应。结论：NRM内的催产素在痛行为调制的复杂过程中发挥着一定作用，且其效应可能是通过内源性5－HT系统中介的。     

Substance P augments a persistent slow inward calcium-sensitive current in voltage-clamped spinal dorsal horn neurons of the rat

Rat spinal dorsal horn neurons in slice preparations perfused with Ringer solution containing 0.5-1 microM TTX and/or 10-20 mM tetraethylammonium at 29 degrees C, were studied by using a single microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Slow persistent inward currents were recorded during depolarizing voltage commands to membrane potentials positive to about -40 mV. The inward current was depressed by removing external Ca, or by adding 0.1-0.2 mM Cd, 5 mM Co or 0.1 mM verapamil, and was increased by adding Ba or Bay-K 8644. Substance P (SP) augmented a persistent slow inward Ca-sensitive current in a dose-dependent manner. It is suggested that this effect may be instrumental in generating the SP-evoked slow depolarization, increase in membrane excitability, and the 'bursting' behavior in the immature rat dorsal horn neurons. In addition, in some neurons SP reduced the M-like current, which effect may contribute to, but not explain, generation of the SP-induced slow depolarization.     

Overactive bladder in Parkinson's disease: alteration of brainstem raphe detected by transcranial sonography

Urinary dysfunction is very common in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and manifests primarily with symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB). Affection of central serotonergic systems has been suggested to play a role in OAB. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether in PD patients with OAB symptoms a specific alteration of the brainstem raphe (BR), which contains serotonergic neurons, can be detected with transcranial sonography (TCS). Of 116 PD patients enrolled, 19 had PD-related OAB symptoms (OAB+) unlike remaining 97 patients (OAB−). Patients were examined by a sonographer blinded to the clinical data. Reduced echogenicity of BR was found in 12 (63%) OAB+ patients but only in 18 (19%) of 93 assessable OAB− patients (Mann–Whitney U -test, P  < 0.001). In OAB+ patients, lower raphe echogenicity score was associated with longer duration of OAB symptoms ( anova , P  = 0.033). Other TCS findings such as echogenicity of substantia nigra, thalami, lenticular and caudate nuclei, and widths of third and lateral ventricles did not differ between OAB+ and OAB− patients. TCS findings suggest a pathogenetic role of BR in OAB related to PD. Alterations may reflect disturbance of its central serotonergic system.     

应用局部皮瓣治疗仰趾畸形

目的:探讨烧、创伤后,足背瘢痕挛缩所致仰趾畸形的治疗。方法:术中将足背瘢痕切除,彻底松解挛缩,将弓弦状伸肌腱切除部分或切断,切除部分挛缩的跖趾关节背侧关节囊,使关节复位,克氏针外固定,在拇指内侧或小趾侧,以跖趾关节处为蒂设计逆行皮瓣,转移覆盖外露的跖趾关节,供区及瘢痕切除后创面行全厚或断层皮片修复。结果:本组7例,均采用逆行皮瓣修复,畸形完全纠正,无继发畸形。结论:应用拇指及小趾侧方逆行皮瓣转移,治疗仰趾畸形可达到满意效果。