Side‐effects of thiamethoxam on the brain andmidgut of the africanized honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenopptera: Apidae)

The development of agricultural activities coincides with the increased use of pesticides to control pests, which can also be harmful to nontarget insects such as bees. Thus, the goal of this work was assess the toxic effects of thiamethoxam on newly emerged worker bees of Apis mellifera (africanized honeybee—AHB). Initially, we determined that the lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of thiamethoxam was 4.28 ng a.i./μL of diet. To determine the lethal time 50 (LT₅₀), a survival assay was conducted using diets containing sublethal doses of thiamethoxam equal to 1/10 and 1/100 of the LC_50. The group of bees exposed to 1/10 of the LC₅₀ had a 41.2% reduction of lifespan. When AHB samples were analyzed by morphological technique we found the presence of condensed cells in the mushroom bodies and optical lobes in exposed honeybees. Through Xylidine Ponceau technique, we found cells which stained more intensely in groups exposed to thiamethoxam. The digestive and regenerative cells of the midgut from exposed bees also showed morphological and histochemical alterations, like cytoplasm vacuolization, increased apocrine secretion and increased cell elimination. Thus, intoxication with a sublethal doses of thiamethoxam can cause impairment in the brain and midgut of AHB and contribute to the honeybee lifespan reduction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 1122–1133, 2014.     

梅州市人民医院客家人群15年消化系统恶性肿瘤住院患者疾病谱分析

目的探讨梅州市人民医院客家人群15年来消化系统恶性肿瘤疾病谱特点,为医院管理及疾病的防治提供参考。方法选择1997年1月1日至2011年12月31日间于梅州市人民医院因原发性消化系统恶性肿瘤第一次住院,籍贯为梅州市、民族为汉族的客家人患者,按照1997—2001年、2002—2006年、2007—2011年三个时间段统计其单病种构成比及顺位变化、死亡构成比及顺位变化。结果1997—2001年、2002—2006年、2007—2011年三个时间段食管、胃、结直肠恶性肿瘤构成比始终居前3位,三种肿瘤构成比总和均超过80％。其中食管恶性肿瘤第二、第三时间段单病种构成比较第一时间分别下降了约8％及12％,与第一时间段相比差异均有统计学意义（P=0．000;P=0．000）;而结直肠恶性肿瘤单病种构成比明显上升（P=0．000）。在这3个时间段中,肝恶性肿瘤是导致患者死亡的首位原因,第二、第三时间段差异有统计学意义（P=0．002）。食管恶性肿瘤死亡构成比下降（P=0．015）,以第二时间段的死亡构成较第一时间段下降明显（P=0．004）。结论应针对该地区消化系统恶性肿瘤疾病谱的变化,坚持健康教育,合理配置卫生资源。     

消化系统恶性肿瘤患者创伤后成长的研究进展

本文通过回顾与总结消化系统恶性肿瘤患者创伤后成长的相关概念、测评、现状、影响因素和干预措施,发现目前存在的不足,并对未来关于消化系统恶性肿瘤患者创伤后成长的研究提出展望,为医护人员开展相关心理护理工作提供参考。     

3D腹腔镜平行重叠吻合联合经自然腔道取标本在近端胃癌根治术中的应用价值

目的 观察女性近端胃癌患者3D腹腔镜根治术中行平行重叠吻合法消化道重建,并经自然腔道取标本在淋巴结清扫、术后胃肠功能恢复中的作用,探讨其治疗效果及安全性.方法 女性近端胃癌患者36例,其中16例行3D腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术,术中行平行重叠吻合法消化道重建,并经自然腔道取标本者为观察组;20例行2D腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术,术...     

Prognostic importance of gram-negative intestinal colonization preceding pancreatic infection in severe acute pancreatitis

Objectives: To establish, firstly, whether gram-negative (re)-colonization of the gut leads to an increased risk of gram-negative pancreatic infections and whether this event is time-related and, secondly, whether the difference in the quantity and quality of micro-organisms colonizing the digestive tract influences morbidity and mortality. Design: Prospective analysis of the results of systematic semi-quantitative cultures of several body areas taken from patients with severe acute pancreatitis, during a controlled multicenter trial of adjuvant selective decontamination. Setting: Surgical intensive care units of 16 hospitals. Patients: A total of 2159 semi-quantitative cultures from the oropharynx, rectum and pancreatic tissues taken from 90 patients were analyzed. Interventions: Surveillance cultures from the oropharynx and rectum were taken on admission and repeated twice weekly and from the (peri)-pancreatic devitalized tissues (i. e. necrosis) at every relaparotomy and from drainage. Measurements and results: All gram-negative pancreatic infections were preceded by intestinal colonization with the same micro-organisms. The risk of developing a pancreatic infection following gram-negative intestinal colonization (15/42 patients) was significantly higher as compared to patients without gram-negative colonization (0/10 patiens) (p < 0.001) or to patients in whom E. coli was the only intestinal micro-organism cultured (0/30 patients) (p < 0.001). The occurrence of intestinal E. coli did not increase the risk of pancreatic infection. Gram-negative colonization of the rectum and oropharynx significantly correlated with the later development of pancreatic infection: relative risks 73.7 (p < 0.001) and 13.6 (p < 0.001), respectively. However, when both areas were evaluated simultaneously, the rectum was more significant (p < 0.001). The severity of intestinal intestinal colonization until the moment of pancreatic infection showed an increase in time in all 15 patients. In 11 of 15 patients (73 %) these infections occurred within 1 week following the first isolation from the digestive tract. Gram-negative intestinal colonization was associated with a 3.7 fold increased mortality risk (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Gram-negative intestinal colonization, E. coli excepted, is an early prognostic parameter in patients in whom pancreatic infection has not yet occurred and represents a significantly increased risk of pancreatic infections and mortality. Received: 17 June 1997 Accepted: 3 March 1998     

2013年消化系统疾病主要临床进展

2013年,国内外胃肠病学相关学会及专家制订或更新了诸多消化领域的指南及共识意见,无论从涉及的疾病种类之多到更新的范围之大都是近年少有。作者主要从胃轻瘫、慢性胃炎、胃食管反流病、贲门失驰缓症、成人急性感染性腹泻、艰难梭状芽胞杆菌感染、胰腺疾病、炎症性肠病、肝脏疾病等疾病的更新部分入手,全面详实的介绍了消化领域疾病的国内外诊治进展,以期为消化内科医生诊疗疾病提供帮助。     

生大黄粉防治重型颅脑损伤后上消化道出血疗效观察

目的:观察生大黄粉在颅脑损伤后上消化道出血防治中的效果。方法:将167例颅脑损伤患者随机分为两组,实验组89例,应用生大黄粉和泮托拉唑。对照组78例,应用泮托拉唑。观察两组临床疗效,依胃液隐血试验结果判定。结果:两组中开始无消化道出血者,治疗组出现5例上消化道出血,对照组7例(P<0.05)。28例上消化道出血患者中,实验组上消化道出血治愈率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组上消化道出血治愈平均时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤后早期鼻饲生大黄粉可显著降低上消化道出血发病率,提高上消化道出血治愈率,缩短出血治愈疗程。     

全腹腔镜食管胃结合部肿瘤切除术后消化道重建方式的争议与共识

全腹腔镜食管胃结合部肿瘤切除术后消化道重建分为全腹腔镜近端胃切除术后消化道重建及全腹腔镜全胃切除术后消化道重建。这两类重建方式又分成不同的术式,其中部分重建方式的功效仍存争议。全胃切除术目前仍是食管胃结合部肿瘤的主要手术方式;近端胃切除术应用较少,但其术后抗反流重建方式的出现有望扩大近端胃切除术的适应证。管形吻合能够获得较高的切缘,适用于各种类型的食管胃结合部肿瘤;直线形吻合的全过程均可在腹腔镜下完成,主要适用于Siewert Ⅲ型食管胃结合部肿瘤。对于全腹腔镜全胃切除术后消化道重建,如何保证食管空肠吻合口的安全,降低吻合口相关并发症发生率是争议的焦点。对于全腹腔镜近端胃切除术后消化道重建,各种重建方式是否具有抗反流功效仍然需要高级别研究证据来证实。在临床实践中,术者须在遵守消化道重建一般原则的基础上,结合病人自身情况,以病人为中心,选择合适的消化道重建方式。     

Treatment outcome of selective digestive decontamination and enteral nutrition in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Background/Purpose Sepsis due to infected pancreatic necrosis is the most serious complication in the late phase of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Bacterial translocation from the gut is thought to be the main cause of pancreatic infection. The possibility has recently been reported that selective digestive decontamination (SDD) and enteral nutrition (EN) may alleviate the complications and reduce the mortality rate in patients with SAP. We analyzed the treatment outcome of SDD and EN in patients with SAP. Methods We divided 90 patients with SAP into three groups: SDD(−)EN(−),group A; SDD(+)EN(−), group B; and SDD(+)EN(+), group C. Clinical outcome was analyzed retrospectively. The effect of SDD was compared in groups A and B, and the effect of EN was compared in groups B and C. Results The background of patients was not significantly different between the groups. SDD reduced the incidence of organ dysfunction (from 70% to 59%) and the mortality rate (from 40% to 28%), but the differences were not significant. EN reduced the incidence of infected pancreatic necrosis (from 31% to 24%) and the frequency of surgery for pancreas (from 28% to 18%), and further reduced the mortality rate (from 28% for SDD to 16%), but the differences were not significant. The peripheral lymphocyte count was significantly increased in patients with EN. Conclusions SDD and EN did not significantly affect the treatment outcome in SAP. However, the results in this study raise the possibility that SDD and EN may decrease the complications and reduce the mortality rate in SAP. The efficacy of SDD and EN for SAP should be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.