Gastrointestinal Contributions to the Postprandial Experience

Food ingestion induces homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (satisfaction, changes in mood) that characterize the postprandial experience. Both types of sensation are secondary to intraluminal stimuli produced by the food itself, as well as to the activity of the digestive tract. Postprandial sensations also depend on the nutrient composition of the meal and on colonic fermentation of non-absorbed residues. Gastrointestinal function and the sensitivity of the digestive tract, i.e., perception of gut stimuli, are determined by inherent individual factors, e.g., sex, and can be modulated by different conditioning mechanisms. This narrative review examines the factors that determine perception of digestive stimuli and the postprandial experience.     

消化还原一体化冷原子吸收法测定发中汞

目的：防止生物样品中的汞在消化过程中的逸失及在测量过程中由于汞的吸附造成器皿的污染。方法：采用消化还原一体化,在恒温水浴锅与自制恒温消化器消化样品,冷原子吸收法测定发中汞。结果：标准偏差小于０．０１３μｇ／ｇ;变异小于１０．２％;样品加标回收率介于８９％￣１０６％。结论：本方法有效地防止了汞的逸失及对器皿的污染,精密度与准确度均符合微量分析的要求。     

药物中微量元素的测定

目的：检测营养制剂善存片中各种微量元素的含量,并就样品前处理及测定进行方法学探讨。方法：采用３ 种不同方法处理善存片样品,然后用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪优化测试条件后,测定铁、镁、锌、锰、铬、钼、钙等１１ 种微量元素的含量。结果：各种微量元素的含量与药盒所标数据基本一致。结论：确定了先用硝酸消化,再用石墨炉灰化为最佳样品处理方法。测定时选４ 点作标准工作曲线,既不会使操作太复杂,又能保证测定的精密度     

Gastro-Gastric Fistulas and Marginal Ulcers in Gastric Bypass Procedures for Weight Reduction

Background: Gastro-gastric fistulas and marginal ulcers are frequent and serious complications of gastric compartmentalization procedures for obesity. Methods: The authors analyzed 810 patients after 911 operations for gastro-gastric fistulas and marginal ulcers over an 8-year period. All patients underwent a form of gastric bypass, in which a pouch is constructed along the lesser curvature of the stomach. The outlet of the pouch was restricted with a prosthetic band. In the first 189 patients (Group I), the pouch and stomach were stapled in continuity or partially divided. In the next 222 patients (Group II), segments were stapled and separated by transection. In the remaining 492 cases (Group III), in addition to transection of the stomach, a limb of jejunum was interposed between the pouch and excluded stomach. Stapled anastomoses were done in Group I and II patients and a portion of Group III patients. The remaining patients underwent hand-sewn anastomosis. Results: Gastro-gastric fistulas occurred in 49% of the patients in Group I, 2.6% of those in Group II, and 0% of those in Group III. In stapled anastomosis, the incidence of marginal ulceration in Groups I, II, and III were 8.5%, 5.4%, and 5.1%, respectively. In a subset of Group III patients, in whom a two-layer, hand-sewn anastomosis was done, the incidence was 1.6% when the outer layer was not absorbable and 0% when both layers were absorbable. Conclusions: Gastro-gastric fistulas and marginal ulcerations are likely the result of breakdown of the mucosa resulting from migrating staples and other foreign material. Lack of integrity of the gastric lining facilitates the action of the gastric digestive process. Transection of gastric segments with interposition of jejunum prevents gastro-gastric fistula formation. An intact serosa appears to block the digestion of bowel wall by gastric enzymes. Our early data suggest that the use of absorbable sutures at the gastrojejunostomy significantly decreases the incidence of marginal ulceration.     

微波消解—原子吸收光谱法测定大蒜中镁钙锌铜锰铁的含量

用微波消解大蒜样品,用原子吸收光谱法测定大蒜中镁、钙、锌、铜、锰、铁的含量。结果表明,微波消解时间短,操作简单,消化过程节省试剂,减少环境污染。原子吸收光谱法测定大蒜中的这几种元素,方法快速简便,加标回收率为99.6%~100.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤0.725%,测定结果准确。在大蒜中这几种对人体健康非常有益的元素的含量都比较丰富。     

Effect of Maillard reaction conditions on antigenicity of β-lactoglobulin and the properties of glycated whey protein during simulated gastric digestion

Response surface methodology was employed to study the effects of Maillard reaction conditions on the antigenicity of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) in whey protein isolate (WPI) and to optimise the Maillard reaction conditions of WPI conjugate with oligoisomaltose under which the antigenicity of β-LG reduced to the minimum value. The antigenicity of β-LG and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) in natural and glycated WPI during simulated gastric digestion were investigated. The antigenicity of β-LG was reduced from 272.4 µg mL^?1 to 30.99 µg mL^?1 under the optimal Maillard reaction conditions. After 120 min simulated gastric digestion, the antigenicity of β-LG in natural and glycated WPI were 42.83 µg mL^?1 and 15.66 µg mL^?1, respectively. And the antigenicity of α-LA in natural and glycated WPI were 0.78 µg mL^?1 and 0.03 µg mL^?1, respectively.     

Gastric emptying rate in subjects with malocclusion examined by [13C] breath test

Masticatory function is significantly lower in individuals with malocclusion than in those with normal occlusion. Although several studies suggest that masticatory function influences gastrointestinal digestive function, the relationship between malocclusion and gastrointestinal symptoms has not been studied extensively. We hypothesised that insufficient masticatory function would increase the functional burden of the stomach and have some influence on the gastrointestinal system. The purpose of this study was to investigate masticatory function and gastric emptying rate in subjects with malocclusion. Eleven healthy dentate female volunteers and eleven female patients with maloc‐clusion underwent a ¹³C‐acetate breath test with a liquid meal. Maximum ¹³CO₂ exhalation time (T_max) was compared statistically between both groups. Masticatory function was assessed by colour‐changeable chewing gum. In addition, the frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroeso‐phageal reflux disease (FSSG) and questionnaires on food intake were given to both groups. The mean T_max of the malocclusion group was significantly longer than that of the normal occlusion group (P = 0·007). Masticatory performance, measured by colour‐changeable gum and questionnaires, was significantly lower in the malocclusion group than in the normal occlusion group (P = 0·023, P = 0·003). There was no significant difference in the FSSG results between the two groups (P = 0·262). This study suggested that there was a correlation between malocclusion and gastric emptying function in women.     

Comparison of the in vitro toxicity of ancient Triticum monococcum varieties ID331 and Monlis

Abstract

Triticum monococcum L. is one of the oldest ancestors of wheat. There is some evidence that einkorn encloses forms of gliadin-deriving peptides which may potentially exert a reduced toxicity to consumers with gluten-related disorders. Accordingly, ID331 and Monlis lines were comparatively investigated in this study. The biological effects of gastro-resistant peptides deriving from an in vitro simulated digestion were evaluated on 21 d differentiated Caco-2 cells. Triticum aestivum digested gliadin was included as the positive control. ID331 neither enhanced cell permeability nor induced zonulin release in Caco-2 monolayers. Monlis exerted a detectable toxicity as confirmed by the reorganisation of enterocyte cytoskeleton, in addition to changes both in monolayers permeability and apical release of zonulin. Differences in patterns of gastro-resistant prolamins may account for the differences. Outcomes support the use of ID331 as a prospective candidate for the development of innovative approaches to reduce wheat flour toxicity.     

注射用血栓通中三七元素迁移的规律

目的:分析注射用血栓通中三七从原料到成品全过程的元素迁移规律,以便更好地控制成品中元素杂质。方法:采用ICP-MS法全面分析三七药材、三七总皂苷(中间体)和注射用血栓通中21种元素的含量。结果:21种元素的标准曲线相关系数r均在0. 999以上,回收率在92. 71%～107. 07%之间,RSD均在5%以内。三七药材中铝、铁含量较高,铅、砷、汞、镉、铜符合中华人民共和国药典的相关规定,三七总皂苷(中间体)和注射用血栓通中多数元素均未检出或含量极低。结论:注射用血栓通的提取工艺可有效去除三七中大部分元素,重金属及有害元素也降到较低水平。