Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A UNOS/OPTN Database Analysis

We previously reported poorer survival among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) compared to non-Hispanic whites at our center. In the current study, we hypothesized that these disparities would exist in a nationwide cohort of wait-listed patients with IPF. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 2635 patients with IPF listed for lung transplantation between 1995 and 2003 at 94 transplant centers in the United States. The age-adjusted mortality rate was higher among non-Hispanic blacks [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.45, p = 0.009] and Hispanics (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.56, p = 0.01) compared to non-Hispanic whites. These findings persisted after adjustment for transplantation, medical comorbidities and socioeconomic status. Worse lung function at the time of listing appeared to explain some of these differences (HR for non-Hispanic blacks after adjustment for forced vital capacity percent predicted = 1.16, 95% CI 0.98-1.36, p = 0.09; HR for Hispanics = 1.21, 95% CI 0.99-1.48, p = 0.056). In summary, black and Hispanic patients with IPF have worse survival than whites after listing for lung transplant.     

北京地区rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期脑梗死患者临床分析

目的分析北京地区12所医院202例超早期脑梗死患者经不同剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt- PA)静脉溶栓治疗后的疗效及其不良事件,探讨使用rt-PA的最佳剂量及其安全性与可行性。方法287例发病6h以内的脑梗死患者,男201例,女86例,年龄38～80岁,平均64岁。所有患者均伴有偏瘫,头颅CT未见出血及责任梗死灶,无溶栓禁忌证。202例接受rt-PA治疗,分为A组与B组,A组88例,给予rt-PA 0．9 mg/kg。B组114例,给予rt- PA0．6～0．8 mg/kg。C组(对照组)85例患者给予低分子右旋糖酐、复方丹参等治疗。分别比较治疗前与治疗后11d、21 d、90 d的美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、Barthel指数,并进行疗效评定。结果A组、B组分别与C组90 d的NIHSS评分、Barthel指数相比有显著差异。A组、B组及C组的基本痊愈及显著改善率分别为69%、77%及40%．A组、B组分别与C组脑出血的发生率为7．96%、4．38%及0%。症状性出血(4．55%、2．63%及0%),非症状性出血(2．63%、1．75%及0%)。结论超早期脑梗死静脉应用rt-PA溶栓治疗是安全有效的。不同剂量的rt-PA均减轻了脑梗死的致残率,但两组间无明显差异。中国人rt-PA溶栓治疗最佳剂量尚需要进一步进行大样本的前瞻性、多中心、随机对照研究．     

经鼻给予抗ICAM-1抗体对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨经鼻腔给予抗细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)单克隆抗体(单抗)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法 将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组及脑缺血再灌注+经鼻给予高、中、低剂量抗ICAM-1单抗干预组.采用插线法制作局灶脑缺血再灌注模型.各干预组于缺血1 h经鼻给予抗ICAM-1单抗,再灌24 h后取脑行冠状切片.采用TTC、HE及免疫组化染色法测定脑梗死体积及免疫组化阳性区占总面积比.结果 缺血再灌注组脑标本均可见缺血侧的脑膜充血,脑组织肿胀;单纯脑缺血再灌注组及低、中、高抗ICAM-1单抗干预组脑梗死体积(以像素值表示)分别为57 042±12 483、32 871±4 325、25 932±3 103和15 325±3 356,免疫组化阳性区面积占总面积比分别为(6.64±0.476)%、(5.15±0.987)%、(4.36±0.682)%和(3.42±0.537)%,各组间差异均有统计学意义.结论 (1)脑缺血再灌注可使脑组织ICAM-1表达显著增高;(2)经鼻腔给予抗ICAM-1单抗可有效降低脑组织ICAM-1的表达,缩小脑梗死体积;(3)经鼻腔给予抗ICAM-1单抗的剂量同脑梗死体积呈负相关;(4)脑缺血再灌注时ICAM-1免疫组化阳性区面积比与脑梗死体积呈正相关.     

Cerebral autoregulation is preserved in multiple system atrophy: A transcranial Doppler study.

Patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) present large changes in blood pressure (BP) due to autonomic disturbances. We analyzed how this change may influence dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA). Simultaneous recordings of arterial BP (Finapres) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow velocity (BFV) (transcranial Doppler) were performed in 10 patients with MSA (61 +/- 12 yr of age) and 12 healthy volunteers (61 +/- 11 yr of age): cerebral BFV response to oscillations in mean BP was studied in the supine position by cross-spectral analysis of mean BP and mean MCA BFV. The DCA was also studied during the decrease in BP the first seconds when standing up from a sitting position by the assessment of the cerebrovascular resistance index (CR; mean BP/mean MCA BFV ratio). The MCA BFV/BP cross-spectral analysis showed a phase for the mid-frequency band (0.07-0.2 Hz) significantly larger in MSA, suggesting more active autoregulation in response to larger changes in BP. Changes in CR reflecting the rate of autoregulation, when standing did not differ between the two groups. These data suggest that dynamic cerebral autoregulation is preserved in MSA.     

创伤性迟发性颅内血肿的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨创伤性、迟发性颅内血肿的早期诊断和治疗的临床效果。方法 对22例病人的发病年龄、性别、伤因、早期诊断和治疗效果进行了回顾性分析。经过2—6个月，按GOS评定治疗效果。结果 良好者12例，中残者5例，重残者1例，植物生存者1例，死亡者3例，死亡率为14％。结论 早期诊断和治疗本病对于提高治愈率和降低死亡率至关重要，早期手术治疗本病，乃是多数病人首选的治疗方法。     

急性脑梗死超早期重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物溶栓治疗的临床研究

目的:探讨发病6h内急性脑梗死给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)溶栓治疗的疗效及并发症,并分析预后相关因素。方法:共收集本院2001-2005年70例溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死病例,其中52例静脉溶栓,18例动脉溶栓,分析比较两组病例溶栓前后及3个月随访的ESS评分及Barthel指数结果;同时分析与预后相关的因素。结果:静脉和动脉溶栓组溶栓前及溶栓30min后ESS评分及Barthel指数迅速增加,溶栓前后分值有显著差异。1个月内颅内出血率为5.77%(静脉组)和16.67%(动脉组)。3个月时ESS评分及Barthel指数较溶栓后30min的评分有显著改善。结论:6h内动脉、静脉溶栓治疗均安全有效。     

Responses of CDKs and p53 in Delayed Ischemic Neuronal Death

Stroke is a debilitating disease that affects millions each year.While in many cases cerebral ischemic in jury can be limited by effectivw resuscitation or thrombolytic treatment,the injured neurons wither in a process known as delayed neuronal death(DND).Mounting evidence indicates that DND is not simply necrosis played out in slow motion but apoptosis is triggered.Of particular interest are two groups of signal proteins that participate in apoptosis-cyclin dependent kinases(CDKs) and p53-among a myriad of signaling events after an ischemic insult.Recent investigations have shown that CDKs,a family of enzymes initially known for their role in cell cycle regulation,are activated in injured neurons in DND.As for p53,new reports suggest that its up-regulation may represent a failed attempt to rescue in jured neurons,although its up-regulation was previously considered an indication of apoptosis.These observations thus rekindle an old quest to identify new neuroprotective targets to minimize the stroke damage.In this review,the author will examine the evidence that indicates the participation of CDKs and p53 in DND and then introduce pre-clinical data to explore CDK inhibition as a potential neuroprotective target.Finally,using CDK inhibition as an example,this paper will discuss the pertinent criteria for a viable neuroprotective strategy for ischemic in jury.