计划行为理论在血脂异常护士饮食行为干预中的应用

目的探讨基于计划行为理论的饮食行为干预方案在血脂异常护士群体中的应用效果。方法将90名血脂异常护士按医院分为对照组和干预组各45名。对照组给予2次健康讲座,干预组以计划行为理论为指导设计饮食行为干预方案并实施,共干预6个月。结果干预4个月及6个月时,干预组护士的饮食行为倾向总分、膳食知识总分显著优于对照组(均P0.01);干预组护士腰围、BMI呈现持续下降趋势(P0.05,P0.01),对照组基本无变化(均P0.05)。结论基于计划行为理论的饮食行为干预方案有助于护士饮食行为的改善和膳食知识的掌握,并能有效控制腰围和BMI。     

药食两用复方颗粒剂治疗心神失养型亚健康失眠的临床研究

【目的】观察自制药食两用复方颗粒剂作为保健食品治疗心神失养型亚健康失眠的临床疗效。【方法】将60例亚健康失眠患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,治疗组给予药食两用复方颗粒剂(酸枣仁、党参、茯神、炙远志、玫瑰花、莲子心、红枣、龙眼肉等)治疗,对照组给予谷维素治疗,疗程均为半个月。分别于治疗前后观察2组患者匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)及中医症候评分量表积分的变化情况,并评价2组的临床疗效。【结果】(1)治疗半个月后及停药半个月后,治疗组的疗效均优于对照组(P0.05)。(2)治疗半个月后及停药半个月后,治疗组的PSQI总分、睡眠质量积分、入睡时间积分、睡眠障碍积分、日间功能障碍积分等均较治疗前显著降低(P0.01);而对照组患者PSQI量表的各项评分均无显著改善(P0.05)。治疗半个月后及停药半个月后,治疗组的睡眠质量积分、入睡时间积分、日间功能障碍积分及PSQI总分均显著低于对照组(P0.01)。(3)治疗半个月后及停药半个月后,治疗组中医症候评分量表的中医症候总积分及多梦易醒、心悸健忘、神疲乏力、食少、面色少华、头晕目眩、腹胀便溏等各项积分均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05或P0.01)。【结论】自制药食两用复方颗粒剂能够有效提高患者的睡眠质量,缩短入睡时间,改善睡眠障碍,提高患者日间功能效率,整体改善患者的精神状态,并有短期疗效维持效果。     

宁夏地区社区高血压人群摄盐量与血压变异性的关系研究

背景　高盐饮食是高血压、脑卒中及心血管疾病危险因素,血压变异性（BPV）是可靠的心血管事件和死亡的独立预测因子,目前摄盐量与BPV关系的研究较少。目的　探讨宁夏地区社区高血压人群摄盐量与BPV的关系。方法　于2015年1月-2017年1月在银川市某社区采用机会性筛查、重点人群筛查、健康体检筛查等筛查方法选取605例高血压患者为研究对象。通过问卷调查和体格检查收集患者人口统计学指标、疾病史、心血管疾病相关行为等资料,采集空腹静脉血检测三酰甘油、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、空腹血糖等指标,并对其进行24 h动态血压监测。采用称重法计算患者每日盐摄入量,按摄盐总量分为低摄盐组332例和高摄盐组273例。比较低摄盐组和高摄盐组基本情况、实验室检查指标、动态血压监测结果,采用多元线性回归分析BPV的影响因素。结果　低摄盐组和高摄盐组性别、体质指数（BMI）、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、运动频率及心血管病家族史比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。高摄盐组HDL-C、TC低于低摄盐组（P<0.05）。低摄盐组和高摄盐组白天平均收缩压（dSBP）、白天平均舒张压（dDBP）、白天平均动脉压（dMAP）、夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）、夜间平均舒张压（nDBP）、夜间平均动脉压（nMAP）、24 h平均收缩压（24 hSBP）、24 h平均舒张压 （24 hDBP）、24 h平均动脉压（24 hMAP）比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。高摄盐组白天收缩压标准差（dSBPSD）、白天平均动脉压标准差（dMAPSD）、24 h 收缩压标准差（24 hSBPSD）、24 h舒张压标准差（24 hDBPSD）、24 h平均动脉压标准差（24 hMAPSD）高于低摄盐组（P<0.05）。多元线性回归分析结果显示,在未调整的模型,调整性别、年龄、民族、BMI模型,调整性别、年龄、民族、BMI、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、劳动强度、运动频率、糖尿病史、心血管病家族史模型中,摄盐量均是dSBPSD、dMAPSD的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论　高血压患者摄盐量是dSBPSD、dMAPSD的影响因素,指导高血压患者合理限盐饮食,对控制患者血压水平和BPV具有重要的临床意义。     

三种膳食油脂对人血清补体、细胞炎性反应因子和趋化因子及其相关蛋白水平的调节作用及机制初探

目的 观察膳食油脂棕榈液油（palm oil,PO）、可可脂（cocoa butter,CO）、大豆油（soybean oil,SO）对人血清补体成分C3、C4、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素-10（interleukin-10,IL-10）、正常T细胞表达和分泌的活性调节蛋白（secreted regulatory proteins,RANTES）水平的影响。方法 以符合纳入和排除标准的健康青年大学生作为受试者,按体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）采用数字表法随机分为3组,分别是棕榈液油组、可可脂组、大豆油组,每组31名,共93名,分别摄入受试油脂12周,分别在实验开始的第0周和实验结束的第12周检测受试者血清补体成分C3、C4、细胞炎性反应相关因子包括TNF-α、IL-10、趋化因子及RANTES水平。结果 各组受试者实验前后比较,受试者血清补体C3、C4水平均降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;棕榈液油组和大豆油组受试者血清TNF-α水平显著性降低（P<0.05）;大豆油组受试者血清IL-10水平显著性升高（P<0.05）;3组实验前后受试者血清RANTES水平差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与实验前比较,实验后,3组油脂血清补体成分、细胞炎性反应因子和活性调节蛋白水平的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 棕榈液油、可可脂和大豆油这3种膳食油脂均可能降低人体炎性反应状态,尤其是大豆油的效果更加显著。     

孕妇维生素营养状况对胎儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨孕妇维生素营养状况对胎儿生长发育的影响。方法以湖南省长沙市224名孕妇为调查对象,测定不同孕龄孕妇的血清维生素水平及胎儿生长发育评价指标,并对孕妇的膳食营养摄入,生活因素进行了调查。结果孕妇血清维生素E水平随妊娠进展明显上升,叶酸水平则下降,孕晚期尤为明显,逐步回归分析显示,孕妇血清维生素A、维生素E、叶酸水平均影响胎儿的生长发育(P＜0.05),维生素E的作用最大;典型相关分析显示,孕妇的四项血清维生素水平与孕妇产前宫高、腹围、胎儿股骨长、新生儿出生体重、新生儿Apgar评分五项指标呈正相关(P＜0.05)。结论孕妇维生素营养状况与胎儿生长发育密切相关。     

膳食因素与4种不同类型尿结石关系的对照研究

目的探讨膳食因素、24h尿pH和出入水量在不同类型尿结石发生中的作用。方法选择72例经泌尿外科手术或体外震波碎石（ESWL）后排出的尿结石标本；对照选自同一医院内科住院无尿结石的30例患者。尿结石标本经红外光谱议鉴定结石成分，确定结石类型；以封闭式问卷，专门调查员询问病例与对照组的饮食习惯，被调查者自我评价日常生活中常吃或不常吃的饮食，检测24h尿pH和出入水量。运用SPSS13．0软件，对检测及问卷调查结果进行非参数检验。结果一水草酸钙结石最多，占38．0％；草酸钙结石和合草酸钙结石占结石总数的78．0％。4种不同类型尿结石的主要危因素：92．9％的一水草酸钙（COM）结石患者常吃动物蛋白，85．7％的患者24h尿pH低于6．0（P〈0.01）；90．0％的一水草酸钙＋磷酸三钙结石患者常吃动物蛋白（P〈0．01）；100％的尿酸结石患者常吃动物蛋白，24h尿pH低于6．0（P〈0．01）；二水草酸钙（COD）结石患者少吃西红柿、芹菜，与正常人比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论长期大量吃动物蛋白，24h尿pH低于6．0，饮水量低于1500mL／d是尿石发生的重要危险因素。     

称重法和化学分析法评估人群膳食矿物质摄入量的比较

目的探讨称重法和化学分析法评估人群矿物质摄入量的差异和相关性。方法同时使用称重法和化学分析法对89名上海市居民进行膳食调查,并对两种调查方法测得的钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰摄入量进行比较分析。结果称重法调查的6种矿物质元素的摄入量高于化学分析法(P<0.05),称重法调查的平均每天钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰摄入量比化学分析法分别高20.9%、67.4%、19.5%、84.4%、46.7%和33.3%;称重法与化学分析法测得的钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰摄入量均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.571、0.672、0.521、0.524、0.538和0.691。结论称重法测得的人群膳食矿物质摄入量高于化学分析法。     

醛固酮-WNK4途径参与盐负荷对上皮钠通道的调节

目的 通过建立生理条件下的盐负荷饮食大鼠模型,观察醛固酮和WNK4在水盐代谢调节中的作用。 方法 将SD大鼠分为5组：高盐组（H,4% NaCl）、正常盐组（N,0.4% NaCl）、低盐组（L,0.07% NaCl）、高盐加醛固酮组（H+A,4% NaCl+1 mg&#8226;kg-1&#8226;d-1醛固酮）、低盐加螺内酯（L+S,0.07% NaCl+0.1 g&#8226;kg-1&#8226;d-1螺内酯）,所有大鼠自由饮水,喂养2周。用放射免疫法检测血浆醛固酮的变化。应用实时定量PCR和Western印迹法检测大鼠肾脏上皮钠通道γ亚基（γENaC）、WNK4的mRNA和蛋白的变化。 结果 H组大鼠血浆醛固酮水平低于N组（P < 0.05）,H+A组高于H组（P < 0.05）;L组大鼠血浆醛固酮水平高于N组（P < 0.05）,显示SD大鼠造模成功。L组大鼠肾脏γENaC蛋白表达高于N组,但是L+S低于L组;同时H组低于N组,H+A组高于H组,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。mRNA变化趋势和蛋白变化趋势一致。H组肾脏WNK4的蛋白表达高于N组,但是H+A组低于H组;同时L组低于N组,L+S组高于L组,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。mRNA的变化趋势和蛋白的变化趋势一致。 结论 饮食中的盐可以调节γENaC在肾脏的蛋白表达,醛固酮和WNK4都参与了机体对盐的调节,WNK4受到醛固酮的负调节作用。     

Nutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy

Loss of vision is the second greatest, next to death, fear among the elderly. Age-related cataract (ARC) and maculopathy (ARM) are two major causes of blindness worldwide. There are several important reasons to study relationships between risk for ARC/ARM and nutrition: (1) because it is likely that the same nutritional practices that are associated with prolonged eye function will also be associated with delayed age-related compromises to other organs, and perhaps, aging in general, (2) surgical resources are insufficient to provide economic and safe surgeries for cataract and do not provide a cure for ARM, and (3) there will be considerable financial savings and improvements in quality of life if health rather than old age is extended, particularly given the rapidly growing elderly segment of our population. It is clear that oxidative stress is associated with compromises to the lens and retina. Recent literature indicates that antioxidants may ameliorate the risk for ARC and ARM. Given the association between oxidative damage and age-related eye debilities, it is not surprising that over 70 studies have attempted to relate antioxidant intake to risk for ARC and ARM. This article will review epidemiological literature about ARC and ARM with emphasis on roles for vitamins C and E and carotenoids. Since glycation and glycoxidation are major molecular insults which involve an oxidative stress component, we also review new literature that relates dietary carbohydrate intake to risk for ARC and ARM. To evaluate dietary effects as a whole, several studies have tried to relate dietary patterns to risk for ARC. We will also give some attention to this emerging research. While data from the observational studies generally support a protective role for antioxidants in foods or supplements, results from intervention trials are less encouraging with respect to limiting risk for ARC/ARM prevalence or progress through antioxidant supplementations, or maintaining higher levels of antioxidants either in diet or blood. Without more information it is difficult to parse these results. It would be worthwhile to determine why the various types of studies are not yielding similar results. However, there are many common insults and mechanistic compromises that are associated with aging, and proper nutrition early in life may address some of these compromises and provide for extended youthful function later in life. Indeed, proper nutrition, possibly including use of antioxidant supplements for the nutritionally impoverished, along with healthy life styles may provide the least costly and most practical means to delay ARC and ARM. Further studies should be devoted to identifying the most effective strategy to prevent or delay the development and progress of ARC/ARM. The efforts should include identifying the right nutrient(s), defining useful levels of the nutrient(s), and determining the age when the supplementation should begin.     

Factors influencing ultra-endurance athletes food choices: an adapted food choice questionnaire

ABSTRACT

Inadequate nutritional intake has been reported during ultra-endurance training and competition. While substandard nutritional knowledge may contribute to inappropriate nutritional choices, the relationship between these variables is often weak. As such, this study investigated the importance of a range of factors to the food choices of ultra-endurance athletes. An existing food choices questionnaire was extended to reflect the main factors proposed to influence the food choices of these athletes. The questionnaire was pilot tested with endurance athletes, during which, it was refined and reassessed for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Subsequently, 101 experienced ultra-endurance athletes completed the amended questionnaire. Athletes also documented dietary restrictions or strategies employed in preparation for competition. The factors rated as important by the majority of the athletes were “provides me with energy”, “do not cause me gastrointestinal discomfort” and, “are nutritious”. Despite the high importance of the provision of energy, only 38.2% of participants reported following a high carbohydrate diet in preparation for competition. In addition, given that nutritious foods are typically high in fibre, it is likely that this factor may conflict with the avoidance of gastrointestinal discomfort. The potential incompatibility of these factors may help explain the observed suboptimal nutritional intake.