尿蛋白/肌酐、24h尿蛋白及肾功能指标检测在 慢性肾病诊断中的价值

目的 探讨检测尿蛋白/肌酐（Up/Cr）、24h尿蛋白（24h Up）及肾功能检测在慢性肾病诊断中的价值。方法 选取2017年9月~2018年12月我院收治的慢性肾病患者526例,根据肌酐清除率（Ccr）分为肾功能正常组100例、轻度损害组105例、中度损害组105例、重度损害组108例和尿毒症组108例。比较五组血肌酐（Scr）、Up/Cr、24h Up水平,并分析Up/Cr和24h Up的相关性。结果 中度、重度损害组和尿毒症组Scr高于肾功能正常组和轻度损害组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;肾功能正常组和轻度损害组Scr比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。轻度、中度、重度损害组、尿毒症组Up/Cr高于肾功能正常组,轻度、中度、重度损害组、尿毒症组24h Up高于肾功能正常组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。肾功能正常组、轻度损害组、中度损害组和重度损害组Up/Cr和24h Up有相关性（P＜0.05）;尿毒症组Up/Cr和24h Up无相关性（P＞0.05）。结论 UP/Cr和24h UP早期诊断慢性肾病效果优于Scr,当Ccr超过了10 ml/min时,其可用于临床慢性肾病的早期筛检。     

Creatinine and urea clearances compared to inulin clearance in preterm and mature babies

Simultaneous clearances of inulin, urea and creatinine were compared in 41 babies of 26-40 weeks gestation on 122 occasions during the first month of life. In each case creatinine was measured by a reaction rate method, and in thirty specimens it was also measured after adsorption onto resin. Urea clearance averaged only 62% of inulin clearance (P less than 0.001), and was a poor marker of glomerular filtration. Creatinine clearance measured by resin adsorption equalled inulin clearance, but the assay is manual and not suitable for routine clinical use. Creatinine clearance measured by reaction rate analysis underestimated inulin clearance by a quarter (P less than 0.01) because this automated method overestimated plasma creatinine by an average of 22 mumol/l. Urinary creatinine excretion was 72 +/- 17 nmol/kg per min (mean +/- S.D.) during the first week of life, and 66 +/- 13 nmol/kg per min in weeks two to four, and was not influenced by gestation or body size. Using these values, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow, and the urinary excretion rates of substances may be estimated from measurements made on plasma and untimed urines. Although these estimates are imprecise, with 9% confidence limits of 62-161%, they are useful in clinical practice because they avoid the need to make accurately timed collections of urine.     

Plasma Valine and Urinary C-Peptide in Breast-fed and Artificially Fed Infants up to 6 Months of Age

ABSTRACT. Plasma branched-chain amino acids and urinary C-peptide-creatinine excretion was determined at 3, 41/2 and 6 months of age in a group of 50 infants who were either breast-fed or artificially fed and selected at random. The average concentrations of valine in plasma and C-peptide in urine as well as the ratio between C-peptide and creatinine in urine were 2–3 times higher ( p < 0.01) in artificially fed as compared to breast-fed infants at all the ages studied. Plasma valine values correlated significantly with the urinary C-peptide/creatinine ratio ( r = 0.76, p < 0.01), which suggests that the enhanced insulin response induced by the artificial formula is related to its protein content.     

口服西米替丁对肌酐清除率的影响和意义

为探讨使用西米替丁对肾病患儿肌酐清除率 (Ccr)的影响 ,将53例肾小球疾病患儿分为两组 :A组28例Ccr≥80ml/(min·1.73m2)和B组25例Ccr<80ml/(min·1.73m2)。观察对象实验当天分别留7a.m.～9a.m.和10a.m.～12a.m.尿,测2小时尿肌酐 ;9am抽血测血肌酐 ,并口服西米替丁0.8g/1.73m2。分别计算服药前、后2小时肌酐清除率 (Ccr1、Ccr2)并行统计分析。结果发现两组患儿Ccr2均较Ccr1显著降低 (P<0.05) ,但A组患儿 (Ccr1 -Ccr2)的均数与同组Ccr2均数的比值仅为3.9% ;B组患儿 (Ccr1 -Ccr2)的均数与同组Ccr2均数的比值则为103.4 %。对数回归示 ,(Ccr1 -Ccr2)/Ccr2与Ccr2呈显著负相关 ,(r= -0.791 ,P<0.05)。提示对肾功能不全患儿可用服西米替丁后的Ccr评价其肾功能。     

Increased serum creatinine associated with severe primary hypothyroidism

A case of myxoedema due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with a significant increase in serum creatinine is reported. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy resulted in normalization of the serum biochemistry within 1 month.     

Limitations of glomerular filtration rate equations in the renal transplant patient

This study aims to compare the performance of endogenous creatinine clearance (CL(cr)) and a number of published mathematical equations to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in renal transplant patients considering (99m)Tc DTPA isotope scan as the reference method. A total of 152 GFR were performed on 81 renal transplant patients. Accuracy of each method was measured at different percentiles. The bias and precision of all the methods were then compared. A paired t-test was used to compare the performance of each calculation to the respective GFR measured by isotope study performed on the same day. In the total population, all calculated methods correlated significantly with the isotope results. Accuracies within specific ranges of the isotope GFR were limited in all equations (agreement with isotope result /= 50 mL/min and Gates in patients with GFR < 50 mL/min. Salazar (D.E. Salazar and G.B. Corcoran, Am J Med 1988; vol. 84: p. 1053) had the least bias in patients with BMI above 30 kg/m(2) and the Davis equation (G.A. Davis and M.H. Chandler, Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996; vol. 53: p. 1028) in patients with BMI <25 kg/m(2). In all analyses, Nankivell (B.J. Nankivell, S.M. Gruenwald, R.D.M. Allen and J.R. Chapman, Transplantation 1995; vol. 59: p. 1683) overestimated GFR by more than 80% and MDRD 1 and 2 in <10% of the time. The results demonstrate the inherited limitation in the currently available equations to calculate GFR in renal transplant patients.     

Quantification of L-type fatty acid binding protein in the urine of preterm neonates

We measured urinary excretion of L-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in preterm neonates on days 1, 5-10, and 25-30 of life. Urinary L-FABP levels (expressed as the ratio to creatinine) in preterm neonates were considerably higher than those of healthy adults. They did not change significantly during the study period. Urinary L-FABP levels showed significant positive correlation with those of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity on day 1, and with those of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine on days 25-30. These results suggest that L-FABP is expressed in the neonatal kidney. Our results may also point to potential effects of proximal tubular damage and oxidative stress on urinary excretion of L-FABP.     

Limited surgical interventions in children with posterior urethral valves can lead to better outcomes following renal transplantation

There is currently no consensus as to the most appropriate means by which children with posterior urethral valves (PUV) are to be managed prior to transplantation. We compared (i) renal allograft survival and function in patients with PUV vs. those with non-obstructive causes of ESRD and (ii) graft outcomes in children who had limited interventions (Group 1) vs. those with more extensive urologic surgeries to decompress the urinary tract (Group 2). Twenty-six pediatric renal transplant recipients had ESRD due to PUV (Group 1, n = 16; Group 2, n = 10). The study group was compared to 23 matched controls with ESRD due to non-obstructive causes. Five yr patient and graft survival was similar in all patients with PUV (Groups 1 and 2) when compared to all other kidney recipients in the transplant program, 96.2% vs. 98.0% and 87.5% vs. 87.0%, respectively. Although calculated creatinine clearance (Ccr), was similar between the PUV group and controls for the first 4 yr, the 5 yr graft function was significantly lower in the PUV group. (53.7 +/- 15.7 vs. 70.2 +/- 21.0 mL/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.03). When the two PUV groups were compared, graft survival was equivalent, but graft function was significantly better at 5 yr in Group 1(60.4 +/- 10.8 vs. 33.8 +/- 9.3 mL/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.02). Thus, patients with PUV managed by a limited intervention approach of vesicostomy with delayed valve ablation or primary valve ablation, had better outcomes. When ESRD is virtually certain, additional pre-transplant surgeries affecting the urinary tract should be avoided.     

Use of creatinine clearances to monitor the effect of low-dose dopamine in critically ill surgical patients

INTRODUCTION: Despite uncertain evidence of its efficacy, "low-dose dopamine" (2-5 microg/kg/min) has often been used to augment renal perfusion in critically ill surgical patients. The 2-h creatinine clearance (CC) has been shown to be a monitor of renal function in critically ill patients. We therefore studied the use of sequential CC determinations to monitor the effect of low-dose dopamine (LDD) in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients. We hypothesized that sequential CC measurements could demonstrate whether individual patients had positive responses in renal function to LDD. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected for patients on LDD in a university SICU. CC were recorded for these patients immediately before and after the institution of LDD or before and after the cessation of LDD. APACHE II scores, gender, urine creatinine, age, blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output (UO) were also recorded for these patients; P < 0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-four pairs of CC values were observed during the study. The mean APACHE II score for the patients was 15.1. In 10 cases after initiation of LDD, the mean CC increased from 52.5 +/- 23.7 ml/min to 68.1 +/- 33.8 ml/min (P = 0.056). UO also increased from 48.0 +/- 27 to 75.9 +/- 49 ml/h (NS). In 14 cases after discontinuation of LDD, CC decreased from 85.6 +/- 36.3 ml/min to 63.6 +/- 45.5 ml/min (P = 0.044) and UO decreased from 105.1 +/- 73.9 to 89.6 +/- 76.7 ml/h (NS). Overall, 13 of the 24 patients had a 25% change or more in CC upon initiation or cessation of LDD. CONCLUSIONS: LDD institution increased CC in individual patients in the SICU population. Because using LDD in the absence of a discernable improvement in renal function is costly and may harbor risks, we recommend following CC in patients on LDD to determine which patients derive benefit from the intervention.     

Reversible acute renal failure associated with hypothyroidism: report of four cases with a brief review of literature

SUMMARY:   We present four adult cases of acute renal failure associated with hypothyroidism. All patients presented with symptoms suggestive of moderate to severe hypothyroidism, such as cold intolerance, constipation, muscle weakness, and lower extremity oedema. Initial serum creatinine levels ranged between 115 and 203 µmol/L (1.3 and 2.3 mg/dL), with creatinine clearances (CrCl) ranging between 0.58 and 0.97 mL/s (34.5 and 58 mL/min). After 6–12 weeks of treatment with levothyroxin, serum creatinine levels decreased to the range of 80 and 124 µmol/L (0.9 and 1.4 mg/dL) and CrCl increased to 0.74–1.64 mL/s (44–98 mL/min). One patient had proteinuria of 800 mg/day, which decreased to the normal range (<200 mg/day) after levothyroxin treatment. One patient developed acute gouty arthritis before normalization of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which was successfully managed with prednisone therapy. All of our patients had increased creatine kinase (CK), ranging between 1000 and 2360 U/L (normal range, 22–165 U/L), which normalized after 6 weeks of levothyroxin treatment.