Medical and industrial hygiene characterization of the cotton waste utilization industry

We studied 260 workers in the cotton waste utilization industry and 310 "blue-collar" control workers from nondusty industries in the same geographic area of the United States by respiratory symptom questionnaire and by pre- and postshift spirometry. We excluded 75 cotton workers and 75 control workers from statistical analysis because of prior hazardous occupational exposures. Plant-wide, 8-hour time-weighted average exposures ranged from 0.28 mg/m3 to 7.80 mg/m3. The overall prevalence of symptoms compatible with byssinosis was 5.9% in cotton workers and 4.7% in the controls. Cotton workers with less than 2 years of employment had a significantly greater prevalence of bronchitis than their control counterparts. The cotton workers with 2 years or more of employment had significantly greater prevalences of bronchitis, shift decrement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of greater than or equal to 10%, and FEV1/FEV1-predicted less than 80%, than their control counterparts. Regression analysis showed that for matched cotton and control workers, the percentage decrement in FEV1 over the shift was significantly greater for cotton workers; and that in all cotton workers, longevity in industry had a negative effect on the before-shift forced vital capacity (FVC). This study suggests that there are both acute and chronic effects of cotton exposure in the cotton waste utilization industry.     

术后轻度低体温患者组合保暖与充气式加温仪复温效果比较

目的 探讨组合保暖与充气式加温仪在术后轻度低体温患者中的应用效果。 方法 将90例术后轻度低体温患者随机分成两组各45例。观察组使用反光毯和棉被的组合保暖方式复温,对照组使用充气式加温仪复温。 结果 复温后两组的升温值差异未达非劣效边界。两组体感舒适度、寒战和心血管不良事件发生率无统计学差异（均P＞0.05）。 结论 组合保暖方式应用于轻度低体温患者的升温效率与充气式加温仪相当;体感舒适度和安全性与充气式加温仪也相似,适用于此类患者的术后复温。     

脑棉片的简易核对法

脑外科手术时，最令护理人员头痛的是脑棉片的核对。为此，我们将无水塑纸用作核对脑棉片的材料，经临床实践证明，此方法缩短了核对脑棉片的时问，提高了护理人员的工作效率，效果良好。     

Cotton Rats and House Sparrows as Hosts for North and South American Strains of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) is an arbovirus that causes severe disease in humans in North America and in equids throughout the Americas. The enzootic transmission cycle of EEEV in North America involves passerine birds and the ornithophilic mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura, in freshwater swamp habitats. However, the ecology of EEEV in South America is not well understood. Culex (Melanoconion) spp. mosquitoes are considered the principal vectors in Central and South America; however, a primary vertebrate host for EEEV in South America has not yet been identified. Therefore, to further assess the reservoir host potential of wild rodents and wild birds, we compared the infection dynamics of North American and South American EEEV in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Our findings suggested that each species has the potential to serve as amplification hosts for North and South America EEEVs.     

Mechanism of pajama material on stratum corneum water content under mild cold conditions: explored by hierarchical linear regression

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of fabric material worn during nocturnal sleep on stratum corneum water content (SCWC) under mild cold conditions. METHOD: A controlled cross-over study has been designed to investigate systematically the effects of two kinds of pajama materials, cotton and polyester, on SCWC. Factors such as pajama fabric material, subjective perception and sleep quality were examined. Hierarchical linear regression was applied to assess the association between the factors and SCWC. RESULTS: Fabric material and subjective perception of coldness significantly predicted SCWC in the wear trial. Polyester fabric had a negative effect on SCWC compared with cotton, and subjective perception of coldness also had a negative effect on SCWC. CONCLUSION: The mechanisms by which pajama fabrics affect the SCWC could be due to the different thermal/hygroscopicity properties of the polyester and cotton fabric and the integral involvement of physiological and neurophysiological processes.     

老年患者静脉输液拔针后按压方法的比较

目的探讨老年慢性患者的最佳拔针按压方法,若方法不当易引起穿刺点出血和瘀血发生。方法老年患者100例,随机分为常规组320例次和新法组300例次;常规组用棉签直压法,新法组用手把手指压法,均按压3-5m in。结果手把手指压法穿刺点皮肤再出血率为3.4%,棉签直压法为1.67%,差异无统计学意义。手把手指压法皮下瘀血发生6例（2%）,棉签直压法发生17例（5.3%,χ^2=3.88,P〈0.05）。结论手把手指压法拔针后按压效果皮下瘀血明显低于棉签直压法。     

输液敷贴与棉签按压拔针效果观察

目的：比较输液敷帖与棉签两种材质按压拔针的效果。方法对98例住院患者同体左右手静脉输液后分别采取输液贴按压法拔针和棉签按压法拔针,观察拔针后止血效果。结果棉签按压法拔针后产生疼痛的发生率为79．6％、皮下瘀斑发生率为5．1％,输液敷贴法分别为35．7％、0,棉签按压法拔针后产生疼痛及皮下瘀斑的发生率显著高于输液敷贴按压法（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论输液敷贴按压拔针能有效减少静脉输液拔针后疼痛及皮下瘀斑的发生。     

应用肾形棉垫加压包扎预防腮腺术后涎瘘

目的:研究肾形棉垫加压包扎在腮腺手术中的应用价值,探讨腮腺术后涎瘘发生的有关因素。方法:196例腮腺良性肿瘤和瘤样病变,随机分为肾形棉垫组(100例)和传统包扎组(96例)。分析2组术后涎瘘发生率,同时分析不同术式、腮腺主导管是否结扎等因素和涎瘘发生的关系。采用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行χ2检验。结果:棉垫组涎瘘发生率为1%,传统组发生率为13.54%,2组差异显著(P<0.01)。不同术式、腮腺主导管是否结扎和涎瘘发生无明显关系(P>0.05)。结论:肾形棉垫加压包扎能有效预防腮腺术后涎瘘发生,具有临床应用价值。     

Granuloma formation and occlusion of an unruptured aneurysm after wrapping

Summary Excessive granulomatous foreign-body reaction is a very rare complication after wrapping of intracranial aneurysms. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this process are unknown. We report on a patient who developed a space-occupying granulomatous abscess after wrapping of an unruptured aneurysm of the M2/M3 bifurcation. The patient underwent revision craniotomy for abscess removal. The aneurysm was explored and found to be completely thrombosed and excluded from the circulation. Exuberant granulomatous foreign-body reaction was pathologically confirmed and Candida parapsilosis was isolated from the pus. The patient underwent an antifungal treatment regimen and recovered with no residual neurological deficits. Our findings support the assumption that a low-grade infectious process might trigger excessive inflammatory reaction after wrapping. We suggest that this process may also result in complete thrombosis of cerebral aneurysms, which is otherwise a rarely observed phenomenon.     

无菌棉签蘸服糖水在极低出生体质量儿早期喂养中的应用

目的:探讨无菌棉签蘸服糖水对极低出生体质量儿吸吮吞咽及胃肠功能的影响.方法:将36例极低出生体质量儿随机分为观察组(17例)和对照组(19例).在常规治疗的基础上,观察组生后12小时内开始给予间歇鼻胃管喂养,每3小时1次,在每次鼻胃管喂养前用无菌棉签蘸服微量糖水,持续10天;对照组仅单纯给予间歇鼻胃管喂养.观察两组吸吮吞咽功能协调建立时间、恢复出生体质量时间、达足量肠内营养时间、发生喂养不耐受、高胆红素血症、呼吸暂停例次.结果:与对照组比较,观察组吸吮吞咽功能协调建立时间早(P<0.05),恢复出生体质量时间及达足量肠内营养时间快(P<0.05),发生喂养不耐受及高胆红素血症的人数减少(P<0.05).两组发生呼吸暂停例次数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:极低出生体质量儿在生后早期每次鼻胃管喂养前给予无菌棉签蘸服微量糖水能锻炼吸吮吞咽能力,促进胃肠道功能成熟,改善喂养不耐受,让患儿更易恢复出生体质量与达足量肠内营养,较少发生高胆红素血症.