Multi-constituent synergism is responsible for anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract

Context: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceaes) leaves have been used traditionally to treat swelling and rheumatism in Indian cultures.

Objective: To fractionate A. indica leaf extracts using bioactivity guided manner for identification of the active anti-inflammatory principles.

Materials and methods: Polarity-gradient sequential extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) of A. indica leaves were screened for their anti-inflammatory potential using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model (1?g/kg). The chloroform extract was sequentially fractionated to obtain n-hexane (F-1), n-hexane-chloroform (F-2), and chloroform (F-3) fractions and their inhibitory effect on rat paw edema was evaluated (500?mg/kg). Inhibitory effect of F-2 on granuloma formation, plasma interleukin (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was assessed at the doses of 100, 200, and 400?mg/kg using the cotton pellet assay in rats. Three sub-fractions (SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3) were obtained upon chromatography of F-2, and their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase was assessed at 200?µg/mL concentration. The sub-fractions were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Results: All the extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory effect; however, chloroform extract was the most effective against paw edema (53.25% inhibition). The three fractions of chloroform extract showed significant effect, while F-2 being the most potent (51.02%). F-2 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of granuloma and cytokines. Interestingly, all the sub-fractions of F-2 inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 with almost equal potential. GC-MS revealed that chemically the sub-fractions were totally different from each other.

Discussion and conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of A. indica is a result of cumulative and synergistic effects of diversified constituents with varying polarities that collectively exert the effect via suppression of cyclo-oxygenases and cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α).     

冰冻棉棒涂擦刺激法用于脑卒中吞咽障碍早期护理的效果观察

目的：观察冰冻棉棒涂擦刺激法用于脑卒中吞咽障碍早期护理的效果。方法将86例脑卒中并发吞咽障碍患者,按住院号尾数分为观察组46例（单数）、对照组40例（双数）,为两组患者制订详细的早期活动计划和方法。对照组进行常规训练护理30d,观察组患者在进行常规训练护理基础上结合咽部冷刺激30d,观察两组患者治疗前后吞咽障碍改变的程度,误吸的发生数及并发症发生率。结果观察组治疗前后的饮水试验结果、临床疗效均优于对照组。结论冰冻棉棒涂擦刺激法用于脑卒中吞咽障碍早期护理,能促进患者吞咽功能恢复,减少并发症发生。     

小包装无菌棉签使用中存在问题调查

[目的]探讨小包装无菌消毒棉签使用中存在的污染问题。[方法]采用观察和访谈式调查，了解小包装无菌消毒棉签使用情况。[结果]小包装无菌消毒棉签使用存在污染的危险。[结论]应加强小包装无菌消毒棉签的管理，防止医院感染的发生。     

细辛油的抗炎作用

腹腔注射细辛油0.24 ml/kg对角叉菜胶引起的大鼠足肿胀有抑制作用。此作用在切除肾上腺的大鼠亦能看到。细辛油能降低炎症组织及其渗出液中组胺含量,对组胺或PGE₂引起的大鼠足肿胀有抑制作用,并能对抗组胺或PGE₂引起的毛细血管通透性增加,本品能抑制大鼠胸腔因注射角叉菜胶后引起的白细胞游走;对大鼠棉球肉芽肿有抑制作用,并使胸腺萎缩,还降低正常大鼠肾上腺内维生素C含量。     

关于髂后上棘骨髓穿刺过程中会阴皮肤粘膜保护的护理体会

目的：髂后上棘骨髓穿刺的消毒过程中，保护会阴皮肤粘膜避免受到碘酊的浸润。方法：穿刺部位消毒前，在距消毒平面以下2-3cm的臀裂处放置干棉球。结果：46例均无会阴皮肤粘膜损害，其中37例棉球被碘酊染色。结论：采用会阴保护法可以有效地避免会阴皮肤粘膜的损伤。     

Serial swept source optical coherence tomography of a cotton wool spot following SARS CoV2 infection

A 33-year-old male presented with history of blurring of vision in the left eye for two months. He was seen by the local ophthalmologist and diagnosed as nongranulomatous anterior uveitis in the left eye with normal fundus. He had history of fever 20 days back and was diagnosed positive for COVID-19 by RT-PCR. He presented with acute anterior uveitis in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed a cotton wool spot close to the fovea, which was confirmed by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) of the macula. The patient after two months’ follow-up showed resolution of the cotton wool spot, which was confirmed by SS-OCT. Our case indicates that cotton wool spot can be an ocular manifestation of COVID-19 infection, and swept-source optical coherence tomography can precisely document the resolution of the lesion.     

巯基棉富集—火焰原子吸收法测定饮用水中镉铜铅的研究

采用巯基棉富集—火焰原子吸收法测定饮用水中镉、铜和铅，就其富集酸度、洗脱液及其温度进行了探讨。此法简单，快速，线性范围镉和铜是０．００４～０．０４μｇ／ｍｌ，铅是０．１～１．０μｇ／ｍｌ；相关系数镉０．９９９１，铜０．９９９６，铅０．９９９９；回收率镉９６．９％～１０５．０％，铜９８．１％～１０１．３％，铅１００．０％～１０１．０％；变异系数镉３．５％，铜１．７６％，铅５．２５％。     

棉尘及吸烟对肺功能影响的观察

对８３名接触棉尘的健康者作肺功能测定，并与３９名不接触棉尘的健康者对照。其中男性均为吸烟者；女性均为不吸烟者。结果表明，ＭＭＥＦ、ＰＥＦＲ、Ｖ２５％～７５％均明显低于对照组（分别为Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）．在男性吸烟组，ＶＣ，ＭＢＣ，ＦＥＶ１％也有明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），作者认为棉尘对人体的危害主要部位在小气道，吸烟者因损害严重可累及大气道。以往对棉尘反应的肺功能评估仅以ＦＥＶ１％为指标，不能反映早期的变化，有必要进一步完善。     

无毒棉籽液抗腹泻作用机理

小鼠灌胃给予无毒棉籽３，６ｇ／ｋｇ对蓖麻油、硫酸钠致腹泻有拮抗作用，对正常小鼠及生大黄泻下鼠的肠腔水分无影响；对新斯的明、酚妥拉明所致小肠运动亢进有明显抑制作用，对阿托品致小肠运动减弱有协同作用．无毒棉籽抗泻下的机制可能与抑制副交感神经的兴奋有关     

棉纺车间空气中可吸尘,内毒素浓度与工人呼吸道反应

本文对338名棉工进行了呼吸道反应调查.并测定了车间空气中粉尘浓度及内毒素浓度.发现前纺车间可吸尘浓度在O.18～1.62m g/m~3,内毒素浓度在94.91～2682.18ng/m~3,棉尘有关症状(包括棉尘病症状和不典型症状)和慢性支气管炎患病率均比对照组高,且与车间粉尘和内毒素浓度呈正相关.与5年前比较,可吸尘或内毒素累积接触量高的男、女工人FEV_1下降均较累积接触量低者明显。