The relationships between expressed emotion,affective style and communication deviance in recent-onset schizophrenia

The relationships between expressed emotion (EE), affective style (AS) and communication deviance (CD) were studied during hospitalization and after discharge. EE was measured with both the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI) and the Five-Minutes Speech Sample (FMSS). The study subjects were patients with recent-onset schizophrenia and related disorders, who were consecutively admitted to an in-patient unit for adolescents, and their parents. The results revealed that CFI/EE was significantly correlated with AS criticism scores during hospitalization, but did not predict AS scores after discharge. FMSS/EE correlated significantly with AS criticism when both measures were administered after discharge. During hospitalization, FMSS/EE was not significantly correlated with AS. No consistent relationship was found between CD and both affective factors (EE and AS). It is concluded that EE and AS overlap with regard to level of criticism when both measures are administered over a short period of time and independent of the time of assessment. In addition, the results indicate that affective and communication factors identify independent family attributes.     

精神分裂症患者心理防御机制的性别差异及其影响因素

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者防御方式的性别差异及其影响因素。方法　应用防御方式问卷对 96名男性和 84名精神分裂症患者进行防御机制的测定 ,进行t检验 ;选取影响防御方式的 9个因素进行相关分析和多元回归分析。结果　男女两组 4个防御因子未发现明显差异 ,不成熟防御机制中的投射、退缩得分男性高于女性 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,幻想、躯体化得分女性高于男性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;中间型防御机制中的理想化和否认得分女性明显高于男性 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。男性成熟防御机制与文化程度呈正相关 (r=0 6 99,P <0 0 1) ,与病程呈负相关 (r =- 0 36 2 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,与住院时间呈负相关 (r= - 0 32 9) ;男性中间型防御机制得分与职业呈负相关 (r =- 0 4 4 6 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;女性的掩饰因子得分与疗效呈正相关 (r =0 5 89,P <0 0 1) ,与住院时间呈负相关 (r =- 0 36 9,P <0 0 5 )。结论　四种防御机制的性别差异不显著 ,但部分条目男女差异较大 ,文化程度、病程、职业、住院时间和疗效对防御机制的影响比较明显。     

强迫症患者防御方式的对照研究

目的探讨强迫症防御方式的特征及防御机制因子与焦虑、抑郁和强迫症状的相关性。方法对 3 6名强迫症患者和 3 6名健康对照进行防御方式问卷 (DSQ)、Zung抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、Zung焦虑自评量表 (SAS)及耶鲁 布朗强迫量表 (Y BOCS)测查。结果强迫症患者不成熟防御机制因子分及中间型防御机制因子分 (F14 .69± 1.0 3 ,F2 4.93± 0 .95 ,F3 4.92± 0 .86,F45 .3 0± 1.2 3 )高于对照组 (F13 .67± 1.0 8,F2 5 .68±1.0 3 ,F3 3 .63± 0 .71,F45 .63± 1.3 9) ( P <0 .0 5或 P <0 .0 1) ,而成熟防御机制因子分则低于对照组 ( P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。不成熟防御机制与焦虑、抑郁、强迫思维、强迫总分存在正相关 ,中间型防御机制与抑郁、焦虑有正相关。结论强迫症患者更多使用不成熟和中间型防御机制 ,并与焦虑、抑郁、强迫症状密切相关。     

高血压患者健康教育效果评价

目的探索医院健康教育对高血压患者知识、态度、行为的影响,为制定有效的医院高血压健康教育方式提供依据。方法对在本院住院治疗的210例高血压患者入院时进行相关知识和不良生活方式情况评估。采用固定护理程序对其采取护患参与的方式进行综合健康教育,将教育前后的各项指标对比观察并进行统计学处理。结果教育后与教育前相比,各项知识知晓率均有不同程度的提高,几项较难掌握的知识知晓率提高明显,高血压患者科学饮食方法知晓率由47.61%提高至88.09%;在行为改善方面,采取规律有氧运动人数由45.71%提高至90.47%,控制体重人数由35.71%提高至72.38%。吸烟率有明显下降,限酒人数有明显增加。结论对高血压患者实施健康教育,可以提高相关知识知晓率,改变不良生活方式,从而降低高血压并发症的发生,提高患者的生活质量。     

肝癌介入治疗病人压力和应对方式调查研究

摘要：目的探讨肝癌介入治疗病人的压力和应对方式，以期帮助病人正确应对压力，提高生活质量。方法应用自行设计的肝癌介入治疗病人压力量表和Jalo如ec应对方式量表对83例病人的压力和应对方式进行调查。结果病人压力来自与疾病、环境和社会经济有关的压力原，其中25项压力原的平均压力程度为中度或以上；常采用乐观应对，其次为面对应对、手求支持和依赖自我等应对方式；病人压力水平与手术支持、依赖自我、逃避、宿命、姑息和情感应对方式的应用呈正相关(尸＜o．05)。结论肝癌介入治疗病人存在多方面的压力并应用各种应对措施。护理人员应以压力和应对互动模式为指导，对病人进行评估和干预，帮助病人减轻压力，提高生活质量。     

大学生应对方式的若干影响因素研究

目的：探讨大学生所采用的应对方式的影响因素。方法：运用应对方式问卷、SCL－90、父母养育方式问卷、16PF和多维度－多归因因果量表对182名大学生进行测试，在SPSS支持下作相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果：大学生所采用的心理健康密切相关的应对方式受父母养育方式、个性特质和心理控制源的影响。结论：在大学生心理卫生工作中应加强健康个性的培养和内控性归因指导，此外，还应重视对父母进行养育方式的指导。     

Self-reported functional ability predicts three-year mobility and mortality in community-dwelling older persons

Background:  A comprehensive evaluation of the functions of community-dwelling older persons was conducted in 1988. Three years after the 1988 study commenced, the relationship between these background factors and changes during the subsequent 3 years were examined.
Methods:  The study was a comprehensive evaluation of the daily functions of community-dwelling elderly people, and encompassed age, gender, mode of living, marital status, financial status, family relationships, basic activities of daily living, visual and hearing impairment, a history of disease, self-related feeling, social role, social support, habits and physical exercise and the relationship between independence and survival for 3 years after the basic study. The subjects were 2274 community-dwelling elderly people who participated in the first survey in July 1998 and who were aged 65 years and over at that time. Unassisted questionnaire sheets were used for the first survey and changes since the first survey.
Results:  Thirty men and 60 women died during the 3 year period. Data were also gathered about the daily activity levels of 1709 persons (75.2%) with 1499 (87.7%) ranking J for independence and 210 persons (12.3%) ranking A to C for dependence. Age, gender, basic activities of daily living (BADL), history of falls, self-related happiness, participation in community events and physical-exercise habits were found to be explanatory variables for independence after three years; as were age, gender, and BADL for survival.
Conclusion:   The explanatory variables relating to independence and prognosis of life of the elderly obtained in this study will be important in future considerations of the issue of care-taking and measures to enable it.     

Psychosocial aspects of coronary heart disease

Attention is drawn to studies which throw doubt upon the importance of nutrition and smoking in the etiology of coronary heart disease (CHD). The main part of the review deals with psychosocial research in the field of CHD. A number of studies show that there is a clearcut association between life style, life events, social class, economic cycles, culture and CHD. The modern coronary epidemic is related to the economic boom which the US experienced during the 1940-60s and which followed a decade later in Western Europe. The later decline of CHD is related to the economic stagnation that took place in the US at the end of the 1960s. Obviously, risk factors must be seen in a cultural perspective, and the moderating effects of social support should be taken into account.     

Disease consciousness and coping strategies of patients with schizophrenic psychosis

In 50 schizophrenic patients, semistructured interviews were carried out concerning disease consciousness, occupation with the disease and behaviour and coping in case of psychotic experiences; 72% of the patients occupied themselves with their disease. In 84% a disease consciousness was present; 38% gave a multifactorial explanation for their psychosis. In 94% the occasional appearance of psychotic experiences was acknowledged. In 86% specific changes of the individual behaviour for coping with these experiences were described. These changes included withdrawal, increasing of interpersonal contact, cognitive control, symptomatic behaviour and adjustment of the neuroleptic medication. The study shows that schizophrenic patients are not passive victims of their disease. In the majority of cases a disease consciousness is present. The patients try to cope with their psychotic experiences in individually different ways. It is assumed that a better knowledge of these strategies might enable the clinician to use these phenomena as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy.     

A Nurse's Role in Helping Well Children Cope With a Parent's Serious Illness and/or Hospitalization

Role Play is an issues-related forum to engender dialogue about the roles assumed by nurses who care for children and their families.