The diagnosis and management of post-cesarean section hemorrhagic shock

Background. The cesarean section (CS) is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide, performed by suturing or not suturing the visceral peritoneum. In the case of not suturing the visceral peritoneum, pathological fluid collections can arise in this space and spill into the large peritoneal cavity, creating a hemoperitoneum.

Methods. In this retrospective study we evaluated 3890 repeat and first CS, performed under spinal or combined spinal–epidural anesthesia, over the last 10 years. In all the CS evaluated, we excluded those performed with open parietal peritoneum and the classical CS by closure of the visceral and parietal peritoneum.

Results. Three important early puerperal post-CS complications with hypovolemic shock signs were detected, urgently treated by two relaparotomies and a laparoscopy.

Conclusions. The scientific literature reports the early benefit of not suturing the visceral peritoneum during CS, but in rare cases, early and dangerous complications occur. The post-CS hemoperitoneum must be detected immediately by transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasonography, and must be treated by needle aspiration in slight cases and by laparoscopy or laparotomy in heavy cases, with drainage and accurate hemostasis.     

Radiation Dose during Transarterial Radioembolization: A Dosimetric Comparison of Cone-Beam CT and Angio-CT Technologies

PurposeTo evaluate the radiation dose differences for intraprocedural computed tomography (CT) imaging between cone-beam CT and angio-CT acquired during transarterial radioembolization (TARE) therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma.Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort of 22 patients who underwent 23 TARE procedures were selected. Patients were imaged in both cone-beam CT and angio-CT rooms as a part of their conventional treatment plan. Effective dose contributions from individual CT acquisitions as well as the cumulative dose contributions from procedural 3D imaging were evaluated. Angiography dose contributions were omitted. Cone-beam CT images were acquired on a C-arm Philips Allura system. Effective doses were evaluated by coupling previously published conversion factors (effective dose per dose-area product) to patient’s dose-area product meter readings after the procedure. Angio-CT images were acquired on a hybrid Canon Infinix-i Aquilion PRIME system. Effective doses from angio-CT scans were estimated using Radimetrics. Comparisons of a single patient’s dose differential between the 2 technologies were made.ResultsThe mean effective dose from a single CT scan was 6.42 mSv and 5.99 mSv in the cone-beam CT room and the angio-CT room, respectively (P = .3224), despite the greater field of view and average craniocaudal scan coverage in angio-CT. The mean effective dose summed across all CTs in a procedure was 12.89 mSv and 34.35 mSv in the cone-beam CT room and the angio-CT room, respectively (P = .0018).ConclusionsThe mean effective dose per CT scan is comparable between cone-beam CT and angio-CT when considered in direct comparison for a single patient.     

肝内胆管癌转化治疗

肝内胆管癌（ICC）可切除率低，进展期ICC的治疗有效率不高，预后很差。转化治疗在多种晚期肿瘤中有一定的疗效，是目前晚期肿瘤治疗的研究热点。随着对ICC基因组的深入了解和新的治疗药物的开发及组合，基于系统化疗的联合治疗策略，精准靶向治疗，免疫检查点抑制剂等显示出较好的疗效，使得部分进展期ICC病人能降期转化手术，获得长期生存。     

Use of a smartphone for imaging,modelling, and evaluation of keloids

ObjectiveWe used a smartphone to construct three-dimensional (3D) models of keloids, then quantitatively simulate and evaluate these tissues.MethodsWe uploaded smartphone photographs of 33 keloids on the chest, shoulder, neck, limbs, or abdomen of 28 patients. We used the parallel computing power of a graphics processing unit to calculate the spatial co-ordinates of each pixel in the cloud, then generated 3D models. We obtained the longest diameter, thickness, and volume of each keloid, then compared these data to findings obtained by traditional methods.ResultsMeasurement repeatability was excellent: intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.998 for longest diameter, 0.978 for thickness, and 0.993 for volume. When measuring the longest diameter and volume, the results agreed with Vernier caliper measurements and with measurements obtained after the injection of water into the cavity. When measuring thickness, the findings were similar to those obtained by ultrasound. Bland–Altman analyses showed that the ratios of 95% confidence interval extremes were 3.03% for longest diameter, 3.03% for volume, and 6.06% for thickness.ConclusionSmartphones were used to acquire data that was then employed to construct 3D models of keloids; these models yielded quantitative data with excellent reliability and validity. The smartphone can serve as an additional tool for keloid diagnosis and research, and will facilitate medical treatment over the internet.     

基于DCMTK实现DICOM医学影像文件与常见格式的转换

目的 使用简单快捷的方法实现DICOM图像格式向常用图像格式转换.方法 采用面向对象的思想解析DICOM文件,参考和使用DCMTK工具包对DICOM图像进行转换.结果 建立VC++项目,基于DCMTK工具包,实现DICOM医学影像向几种常见格式的转换.结论 这种方法简单快捷地实现了几种格式转换,转换后的图像完全达到了使用标准,并极大地方便后续处理和操作.     

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗慢性萎缩性胆囊炎的临床疗效比较

目的：探讨腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗慢性萎缩性胆囊炎的临床疗效差异。方法：回顾性分析我院近年来收治的90例慢性萎缩性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果：90例慢性萎缩性胆囊炎患者均完成手术治疗,无1例围术期死亡,采用腹腔镜手术的患者,无中转开腹病例,手术成功率为100.0%。而且,腹腔镜手术组45例患者手术时间、术中出血量、胃肠功能恢复时间及并发症发生情况明显小于开腹手术组,经统计学分析,有显著性差异,P〈0.05,且发生并发症患者经对症处理均痊愈出院。结论：腹腔镜手术治疗慢性萎缩性胆囊炎的手术时间短、术中出血量少、胃肠功能恢复快、并发症的发生率低,更值得临床推广使用。     

Intra-abdominal packing with laparotomy pads and QuikClot™ during damage control laparotomy: A safety analysis

BackgroundIntra-abdominal packing with laparotomy pads (LP) is a common and rapid method for hemorrhage control in critically injured patients. Combat Gauze™ and Trauma Pads™ ([QC] Z-Medica QuikClot^®) are kaolin impregnated hemostatic agents, that in addition to LP, may improve hemorrhage control. While QC packing has been effective in a swine liver injury model, QC remains unstudied for human intra-abdominal use. We hypothesized QC packing during damage control laparotomy (DCL) better controls hemorrhage than standard packing and is safe for intracorporeal use.MethodsA retrospective review (2011–2014) at a Level-I Trauma Center reviewed all patients who underwent DCL with intentionally retained packing. Clinical characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative parameters, and outcomes were compared with respect to packing (LP vs. LP + QC). All complications occurring within the patients’ hospital stays were reviewed. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.Results68 patients underwent DCL with packing; (LP n = 40; LP + QC n = 28). No difference in age, BMI, injury mechanism, ISS, or GCS was detected (Table 1, all p > 0.05). LP + QC patients had a lower systolic blood pressure upon ED presentation and greater blood loss during index laparotomy than LP patients. LP + QC patients received more packed red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma resuscitation during index laparotomy (both p < 0.05). Despite greater physiologic derangement in the LP + QC group, there was no difference in total blood products required after index laparotomy until abdominal closure (LP vs LP + QC; p > 0.05). After a median of 2 days until abdominal closure in both groups, no difference in complications rates attributable to intra-abdominal packing (LP vs LP + QC) was detected.ConclusionWhile the addition of QC to LP packing did not confer additional benefit to standard packing, there was no additional morbidity identified with its use. The surgeons at our institution now select augmented packing with QC for sicker patients, as we believe this may have additional advantage over standard LP packing. A randomized controlled trial is warranted to further evaluate the intra-abdominal use of advanced hemostatic agents, like QC, for both hemostasis and associated morbidity.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因分析

目的：了解腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因。方法：对820例腹腔镜胆囊切除术其中16例中转开腹的病例分析。结果：820例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中中转开腹16例，中转手术率1．95％，中转开腹的主要原因为：慢性萎缩性胆囊炎8例(50％)；急性化脓性胆囊炎4例(25％)；胆囊动脉出血2例(12．5％)；与横结肠致密粘连1例(6．25％)；副肝管损伤1例(6．25％)。结论：腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的主要原因为：腹腔内的严重粘连、急性粘症水肿、坏疽、血管损伤、胆管损伤。     

Whole-abdomen radiation in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma after surgery,chemotherapy and second-look laparotomy

Summary Forthy-three patients with ovarian carcinoma were treated with whole-abdomen radiation (moving strip±pelvic radiation), 15 patients had not received prior chemotherapy, and 28 patients were irradiated following chemotherapy and second-look laparotomy. Ten of these had been treated with a variety of chemotherapy regimens (L-PAM, CHAD, Hexa-CAF). Eighteen patients were treated in an ongoing prospective trial with combination chemotherapy consisting of melphalan, cis-platinum, and hexamethylmelamin (HexaPAMP). Thrombocytopenia was the limiting toxicity. A temporary pause in the radiation schedule allowing platelets to recover made it possible to complete treatment in 80% of the patients. The acute toxic effects, which included the expected side effects of radiation therapy on intestine, liver and lung, were not more frequent or more severe in the patients who had received prior chemotherapy than in those who had radiation therapy alone. Thirty-four of 43 patients (stage I, seven patients; stage II, seven patients; stage III, 27 patients; stage IV, two patients) are alive and without evidence of disease 26+ months (range 7 to 64 months) after entering the postsurgical treatment program.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Swiss Society for Oncology, Basel, March 1983