Determinants for gallstone formation – a new data cohort study and a systematic review with meta-analysis*

Objective: Only few determinants of gallstone formation have been identified in cohort studies. The aim was to identify further determinants for gallstones in a Danish cohort and to perform a meta-analysis of results from existing cohorts.

Material and methods: Data from a cohort study was used. Gallstone incidence was assessed through repeated ultrasound examinations. Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, self-rated health, lifestyle variables, blood lipids, and use of female sex hormones were measured at the baseline examination. Statistical analyses included logistic regression. Based on a prospective protocol, a systematic review of the literature was performed identifying all articles dealing with determinants of incident gallstones. Meta-analyses of comparable determinants were performed through fixed effect models.

Results: Participants with no gallstones at baseline and with at least one re-examination were followed-up completely (mean 11.6 years, N?=?2848). The overall cumulative incidence of gallstones was 0.60% per year. Independent positive determinants for incident gallstones were age, female sex, non-high density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, and gallbladder polyps. In addition, BMI was positively associated in men. The systematic review additionally identified associations for comorbidities, parity, and dietary factors. Meta-analysis confirmed the significant associations for incident gallstones and age, female sex, BMI, and non-HDL cholesterol. No significant associations were found for blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, HDL cholesterol, or triglycerides in meta-analyses.

Conclusions: Age, female sex, BMI, non-HDL cholesterol, and polyps are independent determinants for gallstone formation. Incident gallstones and the metabolic syndrome share common risk factors. More studies are needed for further exploration.     

高频超声与磁共振对急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的对比研究

目的比较分析高频超声与磁共振(MRI)对急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的诊断价值。方法对33例临床证实急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的高频超声和MRI资料,以手术结果为金标准,计算高频超声、MRI诊断各种伴随伤的敏感性、特异性和准确性,比较两种检查方法的有效性。结果与手术结果比较,高频超声、MRI诊断MPFL部分撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为85.7%、85.7%,94.7%、89.5%,90.9%、87.9%;诊断MPFL完全撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为94.7%、89.5%,85.7%、85.7%,90.9%、87.9%。高频超声、MRI诊断关节软骨Ⅱ级损伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为36.4%、81.8%,85%、100%,67.7%、93.5%。高频超声、MRI诊断关节软骨Ⅲ级损伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为81.8%、90.9%,85%、90%,83.9%、90.3%;高频超声、MRI诊断关节软骨Ⅳ级损伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为100%、100%,90.9%、95.5%,93.5%、96.8%。高频超声对MPFL撕裂、关节软骨损伤的诊断与MRI比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高频超声检查与MRI检查同样能对急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的各种伴随损伤明确诊断和准确分级,是一种简单可靠、快捷并可重复的诊断方法,可作为急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的常规检查方法。     

Image Fusion of Real-Time Ultrasonography with Computed Tomography: Factors Affecting the Registration Error and Motion of Focal Hepatic Lesions

Factors affecting the registration error (RE) and motion of focal hepatic lesions (FHLs) in image fusion of real-time ultrasonography (US) with computed tomography (CT) images were prospectively assessed by focusing on respiratory movement and FHL location. Real-time US and pre-acquired CT images at end-inspiration were fused with FHLs for 103 patients. Three-dimensional US data containing FHLs were obtained during end-inspiratory/expiratory phases. Multivariate analysis revealed that diaphragm motion (p < 0.001), chronic liver disease (p = 0.02) and the absolute difference in distance between the FHL and the central portal vein (CPV) during respiration (p = 0.03) were the independent factors that revealed the maximum effect on RE. In contrast, diaphragm motion (p < 0.001) and distance between the FHL and CPV at inspiration (p = 0.036) revealed the maximum effect on FHL motion. In conclusion, RE and FHL motion are affected by the degree of respiratory movement and the location of the FHL. Therefore, image fusion with CT images should be used with caution if the degree of respiratory motion is significant or if the FHL is located at the periphery of the liver.     

Indices of Obesity and Behaviour of the Pedicled Tram Flap in Breast Reconstruction

The association between obesity and the outcome of pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flaps was studied in 12 patients. Obesity was assessed preoperatively by body mass index (BMI) and waistship circumference ratio (WHCR). The thickness of the abdominal fat and muscles was measured preoperatively with ultrasonography on the abdomen and during the nine postoperative months on the flap. Marginal or fat necrosis was more common among patients with lower body type fat distribution (WHCR less than 0.80) than in patients with medium or upper body type fat distribution. BMI and abdominal muscle and fat thicknesses were not associated with marginal or fat necrosis of the flaps. We conclude that lower body (female type) fat distribution may be associated with marginal cutaneous or fat necrosis in pedicled TRAM flaps.     

彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉硬化斑块在脑梗死中的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉硬化斑块在脑梗死中的应用价值。方法选取2016年1月~2017年1月在我院就诊的50例脑梗死患者为观察组,并选择同期非脑梗死体检者50例为对照组,两组患者均采用彩色多普勒超声检查颈动脉检测颈动脉中层内膜厚度(IMT)、斑块类型,并检测收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)。结果观察组IMT、颈动脉斑块数量、面积[(1.49±0.42)mm、(5.86±1.35)个、(1.48±0.32)cm2]均明显大于对照组[(0.93±0.29)mm、(1.16±0.32)个、(0.59±0.12)cm2](P0.05或P0.01);观察组颈动脉斑块不稳定型数量(144个)明显多于对照组(10个)(P0.01);观察组颈动脉PSV、EDV[(65.35±14.26)cm/s、(16.69±4.36)cm/s]低于对照组[(72.51±14.58)cm/s、(19.11±4.82)cm/s](P0.05),RI(0.75±0.16)高于对照组(0.65±0.15)(P0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声提示颈动脉硬化与脑梗死密切相关,早期检查颈动脉能为临床预防脑梗死发生提供客观依据。     

磁共振弥散加权成像DWI及动态增强扫描诊断前列腺癌的价值探讨

目的 研究分析磁共振弥散加权成像DWI及动态增强扫描对前列腺癌患者的诊断价值.方法 选择我院收治的经病理学检查确诊为前列腺癌的患者40例作为研究对象,对所有患者进行磁共振弥散加权成像DWI检查及动态增强扫描,并与病理学检查结果对比,分析其临床诊断效果.结果 前列腺癌患者的ADC为（0.81±0.09）,最大强化率为（138.98±36.34）,1 min强化率为（132.87±35.35）,2 min强化率为（133.09±41.21）,流出分数为（17.72±7.88）.与病理学检查诊断结果对比,2种检查方法对前列腺癌的检出率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 使用磁共振弥散加权成像DWI及动态增强扫描诊断前列腺癌效果较为理想,与病理学诊断较为接近,可以在临床上推广应用.     

腹腔镜结合阴道超声诊治子宫外异位妊娠116例分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜结合阴道超声诊治子宫外异位妊娠的价值。方法:回顾性分析2006～2010年吉林大学第一医院妇产科腹腔镜手术治疗子宫外异位妊娠116例患者的临床资料。结果 :116例患者均诊断明确,行输卵管切除术108例,保留输卵手术管3例,卵巢部分切除及修补术4例,膀胱壁病灶切除1例。平均手术时间为56.97 min,术后平均住院日3.99天,无并发症及持续性异位妊娠发生。结论:腹腔镜结合阴道超声诊治子宫外异位妊娠准确、可靠,有利于早期异位妊娠的诊断。