医学英语术语隐喻特征分析及其对医学英语词汇教学的启示

医学英语术语作为记录西方医学发展史的语言标记物，真实地反映了西方医学自古希腊至今两千多年的发展历程。隐喻机制在医学英语术语的形成过程中发挥了重要作用，这些反映在医学英语术语中的实体隐喻、方位隐喻和神话隐喻等方面。医学英语术语的学习对医学生来说非常重要，而了解并掌握医学英语术语形成的隐喻机制对医学生扩展医学词汇至关重要。医学英语教师可通过为学生提供医学英语词汇学习“脚手架”方式，养学生的隐喻思维能力，提升学生的隐喻观，进而破解医学英语词汇学习的困境。     

Development of a stated-preference instrument to prioritize treatment goals in recent onset schizophrenia

Objective: This study sought to evaluate a new stated-preference instrument to prioritize multiple treatment goals among people with recent onset schizophrenia.

Methods: A draft survey instrument was developed to assess preferences for 13?key treatment goals that were identified based on the literature. The survey incorporates best–worst scaling (BWS), which shows repeated subsets comprising 4 of the 13 goals, and respondents identify which is most important and which is least important to them. Pre-test interviews were conducted in the UK, Italy, and Germany among people aged 18 to 35 diagnosed with schizophrenia within the past 5 years. Specifically, participants completed the instrument online in their native language, followed by a telephone interview to provide feedback on the clarity, relevance, and comprehensiveness of the survey. The interview data were analyzed to assess interpretation and content validity of the survey.

Results: Fifteen participants (five per country) provided feedback (mean age?=?31; 60% male). Feedback was comparable across countries and confirmed that the key treatment goals assessed were relevant and meaningful. Probing by interviewers ascertained that respondents interpreted the questions appropriately and identified the treatment goals that were most and least important to them. Based on the characterization of the goals, a conceptual model was developed illustrating hypothesized associations among them.

Conclusion: The results confirm that the BWS methodology and key treatment goals in this new instrument are appropriate for use in recent onset schizophrenia. These results will help guide measurement of patient-relevant endpoints in future studies.     

Dreamwork and Transformation: Facilitating Therapeutic Change Using Embodied Imagination

This article explores the value of expanding the imagination of the patient to create therapeutic change. It examines how and why Embodied Imagination, a technique of dreamwork developed by Robert Bosnak, is able to achieve such an expansion. Describing this structured practice in detail, the article explicates how Embodied Imagination helps the patient recontextualize early implicit memories and change repetitive, dysfunctional patterns, essentially affecting the repetition compulsion. Among many factors, the patient develops more flexible and fluid thinking and greater ability to learn from experience, fostering the development of new positive patterns. Confirming neuroscience research is offered, including the neurological underpinnings of the imagination and the capacity to change. Connections are also made among Embodied Imagination, implicit memories, and creativity. Dreams of both the author and her patients illustrate the technique and show how and why Embodied Imagination can create therapeutic change.     

A conceptual framework for two phases of anticoagulant treatment of venous thromboembolism

Summary. Four observations support that anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) has an ‘active treatment’ phase that is limited to about 3 months. First, <3 months of treatment is associated with a higher risk of recurrent VTE than treatment for 3 months or longer, suggesting that <3 months is inadequate therapy. Second, treatment for 3 months is associated with the same risk of recurrent VTE as treatment for 6 months or longer, suggesting that 3 months is adequate therapy. Third, the increase in recurrent VTE with too short a course of treatment is predominantly at the site of the initial thrombosis, suggesting reactivation of initial thrombosis. Fourth, the increase in recurrent VTE with too short a course of treatment occurs immediately after treatment is stopped and is short lived, again suggesting reactivation of initial thrombosis. Once the initial thrombosis has been adequately treated (i.e. the first phase of treatment), further anticoagulation serves as ‘secondary prevention’ of new, unrelated, episodes of thrombosis (i.e. the second phase of treatment). For most patients, therefore, anticoagulant therapy for VTE should be stopped at 3 months when the acute episode has completed treatment, or should be continued indefinitely as ‘secondary prevention’ if the risk of recurrence remains unacceptably high having completed ‘active treatment’.     

Molecularisation and metaphor

This article explores the molecularisation of medicine thesis by investigating reports on genetics and molecular medicine in the New England Journal of Medicine. While there has indeed been a large increase in the number of references to molecules in the context of genetics over the last few decades these are mostly embedded in a framework of explanatory metaphors, namely (gene) expressivity, penetrance, regulation and pathways. As most of these metaphors are drawn from the social world it would appear that the molecularisation thesis – that social life is becoming dominated by the molecular – needs to be tempered by the ways in which understanding of that molecular world is itself a reflection of social life.     

中国台湾地区手语与韩国手语时空隐喻研究

用空间隐喻时间是人类认识世界的一种基本方式。本文结合认知语言学基本理论，分析了中国台湾地区手语和韩国手语的时空隐喻。两地手语都主要存在“过去在后-未来在前”“过去在上-未来在下”以及“过去在左-未来在右”3种隐喻类型。时空隐喻主要与人类身体经验和社会文化因素有关。值得指出的是，聋人听觉通道经验的丧失以及在视觉经验上的优势，导致手语与口语在某些隐喻使用上存在差异。     

Contributions of team climate in the study of interprofessional collaboration: A conceptual analysis

The concept of team climate is widely used to understand and evaluate working environments. It shares some important features with Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC). The four-factor theory of climate for work group innovation, which underpins team climate, could provide a better basis for understanding both teamwork and IPC. This article examines in detail the common ground between team climate and IPC, and assesses the relevance of team climate as a theoretical approach to understanding IPC. There are important potential areas of overlap between team climate and IPC that we have grouped under four headings: (1) interaction and communication between team members; (2) common objectives around which collective work is organised; (3) responsibility for performing work to a high standard; and (4) promoting innovation in working practices. These overlapping areas suggest common characteristics that could provide elements of a framework for considering the contribution of team climate to collaborative working, both from a conceptual perspective and, potentially, in operational terms as, for example, a diagnostic tool.