Non satellite veins in the pelvic limb of the llama (Lama glama)

The objective of this study was to determine the major differences in the venous system of the pelvic limb of the llama (Lama glama) and that of other mammals, including humans. Eight adult llamas, preserved by means of 6% formalin solution at 0°C, were dissected. The venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatin. Two venous systems are recognised, superficial and deep. The veins of the deep system follow the same course as the arteries, except for two important veins located in the femoral, popliteal and crural regions. A more voluminous vein than the femoral originates in a venous tripod in the proximal part of the femoral canal and forms an anastomosis with the femoral vein distally. The popliteal vein gives off an expansion located along the popliteal region. In the leg, it continues with a vein that accompanies the tibial nerve and forms an anastomosis distally with the medial saphenous vein. The described venous distribution represents an interesting complement to the medial saphenous, popliteal and femoral veins, being more important than the last one for its volume. In the thigh it would correspond to the deep femoral vein as in humans and dogs; the homology in the popliteal and leg regions is too difficult because it probably corresponds to the caudal tibial vein of the human, the caudal branch of the medial saphenous vein, and the satellite vein of the tibial nerve in the horse. Anat Rec 256:99–103, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Ductal carcinoma in situ in breast carcinogenesis

Evidence is mounting that ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a direct precursor of invasive breast cancer. Recent molecular biological and cytogenetic studies have revealed chromosomal gains and losses involved in breast carcinogenesis. This editorial discusses how the gains and losses on the different chromosomes fit into previously defined morphological routes of progression from normal cells through DCIS to invasive carcinoma, and the possible uses of these gains and losses in the classification of DCIS and the risk assessment of DCIS patients. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calretinin immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex of the lizard Psammodromus algirus: A light and electron microscopic study

The present study describes the distribution and structural features of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons and fiber plexuses in the cerebral cortex of a lacertid lizard, at the light and electron microscopic levels, and also examines the colocalization of calretinin with parvalbumin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in certain cortical regions. Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons are present throughout the cerebral cortex of Psammodromus and can be classified according to morphological and neurochemical criteria. Neurons in the medial cortex are small, spine-free and lack parvalbumin, whereas in the lateral cortex, calretinin-immunoreactive neurons display sparsely spiny dendrites and also lack parvalbumin. The dorsomedial and dorsal cortices contain most of the calretinin cortical neurons, which were located almost exclusively in the deep plexiform layer. These neurons are large, with an extensive spine-free dendritic tree. Most of the calretinin-immunoreactive neurons of dorsomedial and dorsal cortices are GABAergic and contain parvalbumin. Calretinin-immunoreactive fibers form two main afferent systems in the cortical areas. One probably intrinsic inhibitory system, arising from the calretinin and parvalbumin GABAergic neurons in the dorsomedial and dorsal cortices, makes symmetrical synapses on the soma and proximal dendrites of neurons located in the cell layers of the same cortical areas. The other system is formed by extremely thin axons running within the superficial plexiform layers of the medial, dorsomedial and dorsal cortices. These axons make asymmetrical synapses on dendrites or dendritic spines. We suggest that this system, probably extrinsic excitatory, arises from neurons located in the basal forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 382:382-393, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

Setting New Standards for the Pharmacological Treatment of Panic Disorder

Three drugs are currently licensed for the treatment of panic disorder: the benzodiazepine, alprazolam; the tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine; and, most recently, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, paroxetine. Alprazolam and clomipramine are effective in the treatment of panic disorder, but are less than ideal agents due to their tolerability profiles. An extensive clinical trial programme has been undertaken to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine treatment in panic disorder. This article reviews the clinical evidence for the short- and long-term efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in panic disorder, and its effect on relapse prevention and on quality of life. The results from the short-term studies indicate that paroxetine is effective in treating panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) either alone or in combination with cognitive-behavioural therapy. The minimum effective dose is 40 mg daily. Paroxetine was equally as effective as clomipramine in reducing the frequency of panic attacks but produced an earlier improvement in symptomatology. Continued treatment with paroxetine over periods of up to 9 months provided evidence that paroxetine maintained its anti-panic effect and prevented relapse. Paroxetine was well-tolerated during both the short- and long-term studies at doses of up to 60 mg per day. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中、英、美三国内外科护理/成人护理课程理念的比较

目的比较中、英、美三国内外科护理／成人护理课程理念的异同。方法抽取中、英、美三国具有代表性和可比性的大学15所,收集护理本科注册前护士课程中内外科护理／成人护理课程教学大纲31份,按照美国比较教育学家贝雷迪的“比较四步法”,以文献研究为主进行比较。结果教育观上中国大学的内外科护理学课程更多地反映的是“学科中心”或“学科本位”的思想;英国和美国大学的成人护理学／内外科护理学课程反映的是“能力中心”或“能力为本”的思想。护理观上中国课程体现的是以“疾病为中心”、以“疾病治疗为导向”,以“医院为基础”的狭义的护理理念;英国和美国的护理专业课程则更多地体现的是以“人的健康为中心”、以“健康维持、促进和恢复为导向”、以“医院、社区和家庭为基础”的广义的护理理念。结论必须适应21世纪人才需求变化和护理专业发展需求,更新我国内外科护理课程理念。     

原发性肺癌染色体比较基因组杂交研究

目的分析原发性肺癌不同病理分类(鳞癌、腺癌和其他类型原发性肺癌)的遗传物质不平衡特征,为寻找肺癌发生发展相关基因、揭示肺癌发病机制提供线索。方法应用比较基因组杂交技术分析55例原发性肺癌患者肿瘤细胞染色体,按病理分类分为鳞状细胞癌组24例(鳞癌组),腺癌13例(腺癌组),其他组18例(腺鳞癌5例、细支气管肺泡癌8例、小细胞癌4例及非典型类癌1例),正常外周血淋巴细胞染色体DNA标本由20名健康男性志愿者提供。结果原发性肺癌鳞癌组常见染色体扩增区是2Q、5P、11Q、22Q,常见缺失区是1P、4Q、5Q、6Q、8P、9P、10Q、11P、13Q、18Q、21Q。腺癌组常见扩增区是5P、8Q、11Q,常见缺失区是10P、19。其他组中,腺鳞癌、肺泡细胞癌、小细胞癌等各有不同。结论原发性肺癌不同病理分型存在广泛的遗传物质不平衡现象,染色体基因扩增和缺失可能是不同类型肺癌发生发展的基础。     

比较基因组杂交技术在肿瘤研究中的新进展

比较基因组杂交（comparative genomic hybridizationc GH）是一种将消减杂交和荧光原位杂交相结合的分子细胞遗传学技术,可在全部染色体区带上检测基因组间DNA拷贝数的变化并定位。本文对CGH技术及其在肿瘤研究中的进展作一综述。     

Willingness to pay and cost of illness for changes in health capital depreciation

The paper investigates the relationship between the willingness to pay and the cost of illness approach with respect to the evaluation of economic burden due to adverse health effects. The basic intertemporal framework is provided by Grossman's pure investment model, while effects on individual morbidity are taken to be generated by marginal changes in the rate of health capital depreciation. More specifically, both the simple example of purely temporary changes and the more general case of persistent variations in health capital depreciation are discussed. The analysis generates two principal findings. First, for a class of identical individuals cost as measured by the cost of illness approach is demonstrated to provide a lower bound on the true welfare cost to the individual, i.e. cost as given by the willingness to pay approach. Moreover, the cost of illness is increasing in the size of the welfare loss. Second, if one takes into account the possible heterogeneity of individuals, a clear relationship between the cost values supplied by the two approaches no longer exists. As an example, the impact of variations in either financial wealth or health capital endowment is discussed. Thus, diversity in individual type turns out to blur the link between cost of illness and the true economic cost.     

褥疮散治疗褥疮的探讨

采用自行研制的褥疮散治疗褥疮,并与常规换药法治疗褥疮进行对比研究,以观其疗效。结果：研究组３３例共４２处褥疮,总治愈率大大高于对照组３０例共４９处褥疮（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对于不同程度不同面积褥疮所需治愈天数比较,对照组约为研究组的２倍。说明褥疮散治疗褥疮,