Prevention of radiation-induced mammary tumours in rats by combined use of WR-2721 and tamoxifen

Purpose : This investigation evaluated the inhibitory effect of S-2- (3-aminopropylamino)-ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) against the initiation of mammary tumourigenesis by irradiation, and the antipromotion activity of tamoxifen in the development of radiation-initiated mammary tumours. Materials and methods : Lactating rats were injected with WR-2721 and then irradiated with γ-rays (1.5 Gy) at day 21 of lactation. The rats were divided into three groups 1 month after irradiation and were implanted with a pellet either of cholesterol as an inert control, diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a tumour-promoting agent, or DES combined with tamoxifen. For the control experiments, non-irradiated and irradiated rats receiving saline instead of WR-2721 were treated with a pellet by the same procedures. Results : The highest incidence (85%) for tumourigenesis of mammary glands was observed in the irradiated rats that had been previously injected with saline following treatment with DES Administration of WR-2721 prior to the irradiation significantly decreased the incidence of mammary tumours to 52.2%. The treatment with DES pellets combined with tamoxifen in the irradiated rats previously injected with saline also markedly suppressed the incidence of mammary tumours even further to 4.4%. Also, the development of mammary tumours was completely prevented in the rats treated with WR-2721 prior to irradiation and then implanted with DES pellets combined with tamoxifen. Conclusions : These results suggest that the administration of WR2721 prior to irradiation has an inhibitory effect on the initiation phase, resulting in a partial reduction of mammary tumour development, and that the combination of WR-2721 at the initiation phase with tamoxifen at the promotion phase is quite effective in preventing mammary tumourigenesis induced by radiation.     

成都地区不同人群对社区卫生服务各不满意项关注程度分析

目的：调查成都地区人群对社区卫生服务各不满意项的关注程度。方法：通过发放调查表的方式调查成都地区不同学历、不同职业人群对社区卫生服务10个主要不满意项的关注程度,比较对各不满意项关注程度的差异。结果：医疗技术、服务态度、诊疗认真程度和候诊时间等是成都地区社区卫生服务最受关注的内容（平均关注指数分别达到4．342、3．696、1．888和1．521,与平均值1．364相比P〈0．05）;而医生看病时接电话和检查、检验等报告时间长则较容易得到理解,平均关注指数明显低于平均值（P〈0．05）;部分不满意项受关注程度与学历和职业有一定关系。结论：成都地区对社区卫生服务各不满意项的关注程度差异有显著性,对部分不满意项的关注程度与被调查者的学历和职业上有明显关系。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑电图背景活动及血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶变化与临床意义

目的：新生儿期最常见的脑损伤疾病为新生儿重度窒息所致的缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE),可遗留神经系统后遗症。该研究通过检测新生儿HIE患儿脑电图（EEG）和血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）,研究新生儿HIE脑电图背景活动及NSE的变化。探讨它们对HIE患儿病情进展、病情程度、预后判断的价值。方法：选择符合新生儿HIE诊断标准的病例58例,分轻度HIE组和中重度HIE组,同期选择产科健康新生儿30例为对照组;各组在生后12~24 h、7~10 d抽血行血清NSE检测;HIE组在生后24 h至8 d内（早期）、28~30 d（恢复期）行脑电图检查;同等条件与时间检测健康对照组脑电图,并对HIE患儿进行随访。结果：HIE组早期脑电图异常率 94.8%(55/58)显著高于健康对照组6.7%(2/30),差异有显著性意义（P<0.01）,中重度HIE组早期脑电图背景活动异常率90.0%(18/20)显著高于轻度HIE组5.2%(2/38),（P<0.01）,早期脑电图背景活动异常患儿预后不良率达 72.2％（13/18）,HIE组生后12~24 h血清NSE明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,早期脑电图背景活动异常和生后12~24 h NSE显著升高与HIE患儿病情分度呈正相关,恢复期患儿脑电图背景活动异常者,绝大多数有神经系统后遗症,发生率达87.5%（7/8）。结论：脑电图背景活动和NSE可作为HIE患儿病情判断、临床分度和预后评估有力的依据。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（3）：173-176］     

Patho-epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Karachi ‘1995-1997'

Objective: Provide an overview of the demographics and pathology of breast cancer in the female populationof Karachi South during a 3 year period, 1995-1997. Methods: Epidemiological data for 709 incident breastcancer cases, ICD-10 category C50 registered at Karachi Cancer Registry during 1st January 1995 to 31stDecember 1997 were reviewed. Results: Breast cancer accounted for approximately one-third of the cancers infemales. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) world per 100,000 was 53.8, the crude incidence rate was30.9. In KS 60% of the newly diagnosed breast cancers were observed in women below 50 years. The agespecificcurves showed a gradual increase in risk from the third up till the seventh decade, followed by anactual/apparent decrease in risk. The socio-economic distribution was 24.9% in category I the financially deprivedclass, 38.9% in category II the middle class and 35.9% in category III, the affluent class. Microscopic confirmationof malignancies was 99%. Invasive breast cancers predominated with 99.4%, with in-situ cancers contributingto 0.6% of the malignancies. The morphology of cancers was tilted towards duct cell carcinoma (DCC), pureDCC (92%), combinations of DCC /Paget’s disease (0.6%) and lobular carcinoma (0.4%). Approximately 45%of duct cell carcinoma were seen in the premenopausal age group (<45 years). All bilateral breast cancers wereduct cell carcinoma with a family history of first degree relative with breast cancer. The majority of the casespresented as moderately differentiated or grade 2 lesions (59.0%). Approximately 56% cancers had spread tothe regional lymph nodes and 8.3% to a distant site at the time of diagnosis. A family history of first degreerelative with breast cancer was present in 3% and second degree relatives in 7% of the cases. Odds ratio (OR)for 680 breast cancer cases with complete demographic information was calculated with 675 gender matchedcontrols. A slightly higher risk was observed in non-Muslims and migrant ethnicities: two to three fold elevationin the Indian migrants (Gujrati speaking Mohajirs OR 3.86 (95% CI 2.51; 5.92) Urdu speaking Mohajirs OR2.85 (95% CI 2.05; 3.96), Memon Mohajirs OR 2.21 (95% CI 1.48; 3.29) and Afghan migrants [OR 2.99 (95%CI 11.20; 7.44)]. The risk was also high in the females of Punjabi ethnicity settled in KS [OR 2.73 (95% CI 1.87;3.99)]. The risk seems much less for the ethnicities belonging to North Western Pakistan i.e. Pathans [OR 1.684(95% CI 0.89; 3.17)] and Baluchs [OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.58; 1.39)]. A marginally higher risk was observed in thehigher socio-economic categories.The risk of developing breast cancer increased gradually for each age categoryfrom illiterate [OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.94; 1.55)] to college graduates [OR 13.12 (95% CI 7.31; 23.73)]. Conclusions:The incidence of breast cancer in Karachi South (KS) for the period 1995-1997 was the third highest in Asia.The hallmarks were a high reproductive age malignancy involving a higher socio-economic class, an invasiveduct cell carcinoma diagnosed at an advanced stage, in younger more educated females and a low in-situmalignancy. More studies are required to obtain a deeper insight into this breast cancer epidemic in Karachi.Implementation of breast cancer screening with stress on public health education is today a major responsibilityof the government.     

Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) provides information on the diffusivity of water molecules in the human body. Technological advances and the development of the concept of diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) have opened the path for routine clinical whole-body DWI. Whole-body DWI allows detection and characterization of both oncological and non-oncological lesions throughout the entire body. This article reviews the basic principles of DWI and the development of whole-body DWI, illustrates its potential clinical applications, and discusses its limitations and challenges.     

3种不同背景对金瓷修复体颜色的影响

目的比较3种不同背景下金瓷修复体之间及其与Vitapanclassical比色板的色彩差异。方法应用CIE1976L*a*b*颜色系统,采用高像素数码摄影及计算机处理技术,在标准光源及相同条件下,采集了2组金瓷修复体的12个试件与6个A2比色片的图片,分别测量、分析其色度值。结果同种金瓷修复体在3种不同背景之间的色度差明显大于1.5NBS;在灰色背景下金瓷修复体与比色片的色度差最小。结论3种不同背景下金瓷修复体之间及其与VITA比色板存在肉眼可见的颜色差异,灰色背景要优于其他两种。     

Strain-dependency of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Lymphomas Developed in Eμ-myc Transgenic Mice

We previously showed that B and T cell lymphoma development in E μ (immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer)- mye transgenic mice is dependent on the mouse strain. To determine whether any non-random chromosomal abnormality that was present was caused by variations in the lymphoma cell type or by a different genetic background, we crossed C3H transgenic mice with other inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6 or BALB/c. Cytogenetic analysis showed a high frequency of non-random chromosomal aberrations, namely, duplication or amplification of part of chromosome 5 containing the transgene and trisomy of chromosome 1, 6, or 12 in the genetic background of C3HXC57BL/6 mouse and C3HxBALB/c mouse, respectively, regardless of cell type of lymphoma. These results suggest that non-random chromosomal abnormalities in lymphoma cells are dependent on the genetic background of mouse, not on the tumor cell type in E μ-myc transgenic     

Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and immunity to measles,rubella, tetanus and diphtheria among schoolchildren aged 6–7 years old in the Solomon Islands, 2016

The Western Pacific Region (WPR) established a goal to decrease chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among children to <1% and to achieve ≥95% hepatitis B vaccine birth dose (HepB-BD) and ≥95% three-dose (HepB3) coverage by 2017. In 2016, we conducted a national serosurvey in the Solomon Islands among 6–7-year-old school children to assess progress towards the control goal and immunity to measles, rubella, tetanus and diphtheria. Eighty schools were selected systematically proportional to their 6–7-year-old population; all 6–7-year-olds were enrolled. We collected basic demographic information and vaccination history. Children were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) using a rapid test, and for immunity to measles, rubella, tetanus, and diphtheria using a multiplex bead assay. In total, 1,249 out of 1,492 children (84%) were enrolled, among whom 1,169 (94%) underwent HBsAg testing and 1,156 (93%) provided dried blood spots. Almost 80% (n = 982) of enrolled children had vaccination cards, among whom 59% (n = 584) received a timely HepB-BD (within 24 hours of birth), 95% (n = 932) received HepB3, and >90% received vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, and measles (rubella vaccine was not available at the time). HBsAg prevalence was 3.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0%–4.9%), with 55% of identified cases from one province. Among 982 children with vaccination cards, HBsAg prevalence was higher among children who had not received a timely HepB-BD and at least two HepB doses compared to those who had (4% vs. 2%). Of 1,156 tested children, immunoprotection estimates were 99% (95% CI: 98%–99%) for measles, 99% (95% CI: 97%–100%) for rubella, 85% (95% CI: 83%–87%) for tetanus, and 51% (95% CI: 47%–55%) for diphtheria. Improving timely HepB-BD coverage and maintaining high HepB3 coverage could help Solomon Islands reach the regional HBV control goal. Low immunity to tetanus and diphtheria suggests the need to introduce booster doses to ensure long-term protection.     

晋唐方书兴盛的时代背景探析

晋唐经方类著作在总量上远超过医经类著作,使该期医学呈现出"重术轻理"的特征。试图从社会生活、文化、科技、医学教育等大背景入手,揭示方书兴盛的时代原因。在战乱年代,直接从方书中找寻治法,无疑是最快捷有效的自救方式,方书正因通俗的便民特质而易于流通。又因当时印刷术尚未普及,理论性医著的流通极其局限,医学教育又多是师徒之间的秘授,故大多数人无法接触到医学理论,因此理论性著作较少,方书中亦少有病因病机及组方理法的阐释。故不应忽略科技、教育等时代局限而将晋唐时期在方剂学发展史上的地位简单地定位于"经验用方的积累"阶段,若将晋唐经方与《诸病源候论》联系起来解读,或许会对其背后的组方理法收获更深刻的认识。     

Quantitative Assessment of the Hemodynamic Effects of Intra-Arterial Nitroglycerin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma using Two-Dimensional Perfusion Angiography

PurposeTo determine the hemodynamic effects of intra-arterial nitroglycerin on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using 2-dimensional (2D) perfusion angiography.Materials and MethodsTwo-dimensional perfusion angiograms obtained prior to radioembolization from September 2019 to February 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were the presence of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System-5 tumors and angiographically distinguishable tumor and background liver. The exclusion criteria were previously treated tumors and motion-degraded studies. Thirteen patients with 2D perfusion angiograms obtained before and 2 minutes ± 1 after the administration of intra-arterial nitroglycerin were analyzed. The mean patient age was 72 years ± 9 and 11 of 13 (85%) had cirrhosis. The mean maximum tumor dimension was 4.6 cm ± 2.1. Eight tumors were in the right lobe and 5 were in the left lobe. The tumor and background liver 2D perfusion data were processed and the areas under the time-density curves were calculated. The relative perfusion of HCC to background liver was compared before and after nitroglycerin administration using a 2-tailed paired t-test.ResultsThe mean rate of contrast administration was 1.4 mL/s ± 0.7 and the mean volume administered was 7.1 mL ± 3.3. The mean nitroglycerin dose was 281 μg ± 69. Ten of 13 patients (77%) demonstrated a relative increase in tumor perfusion. The mean HCC to background liver area under the curve ratio was 1.94 ± 0.76 before and 2.40 ± 0.89 after nitroglycerin administration (P < .05).ConclusionsIntra-arterial nitroglycerin increases previously untreated HCC perfusion relative to background liver as measured by 2D perfusion angiography, but this effect is variable among patients and should be validated with 3-dimensional imaging techniques.