经典名方中苦杏仁的本草考证

通过查阅相关历代本草记载，笔者对经典名方中所用苦杏仁的名称、基原、产地、品质评价及采收加工方法等进行了本草考证。经考证可知，《神农本草经》始载杏核；《新修本草》之后，逐渐以杏核仁为主流正名；杏仁为正名始见于《雷公炮炙论》，至明清时期逐渐作为主流正名。清代以前的本草未区分苦杏仁与甜杏仁，而清代的部分本草虽明确了两者的应用区别，但未将两者单独收载。直至1953年版《中华人民共和国药典》（以下简称《中国药典》）为区别用药，以苦杏仁为正名，甜杏仁见于各省中药材标准。历代苦杏仁基原以各版《中国药典》中杏Prunus armeniaca（《中国植物志》杏Armeniaca vulgaris）及其各栽培品中种子味苦者为主流。一般于五月采收其黄熟的果实，取出种核，破壳取仁，阴干或焙干，去皮尖入药。本草记载苦杏仁道地产区为山西太行山地区，现主产于我国北方的山西、山东、河北等地。历代本草认为杏仁有小毒，通过热处理后可减毒增效，燀法及清炒为历代主流炮制方法。此外，自明清时期以来，认为当取其发散作用时，应连皮尖生用。近现代以来，逐步形成历版《中国药典》中所规定的3种炮制品，即苦杏仁、燀苦杏仁及炒苦杏仁。基于考证，建议经典名方中的苦杏仁以杏A. vulgaris为基原，根据处方标注的炮制要求选用相应的炮制规格。     

Modulators of complement activation: a patent review (2008 – 2013)

Introduction: The architecture of the complement system has evolved during the last 600 – 700 million years to become an amazingly efficient and highly versatile alerting and cell killing device. Under physiological conditions, this system acts as a well-regulated cascade, protecting the organism against pathogens and participating during the initial defensive steps of humoral and cellular response. The unregulated activation of this system may cause or even aggravate diseases; therefore, its modulation is currently considered of high importance.

Areas covered: This review is a critical examination on patent literature published between 2008 and 2013. An insight is provided about the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents. These include macromolecules, polysaccharides and proteins, specific antibodies, and hybrid or chimeric products. Peptides and low molecular weight organic compounds (natural products, their derivatives and fully synthetic molecules) are covered as well.

Expert opinion: The search of specific inhibitors of the complement cascade has become one of the Holy Grails of Medicinal Chemistry for the last 30 – 40 years, with very few cases of success. Some highly specific macromolecules are currently available as modulators of the complement. However, there is still a marked need to find new, more specific, efficient and convenient alternatives, especially suited for chronic administration, including novel inexpensive small molecule inhibitors. Analogously, despite the initial success with specific monoclonal antibodies, a vast territory is awaiting to be explored and conquered, regarding the regulation of complement activation by antibody-mediated blockage of specific polypeptides or receptor sites.     

Generalized entropies and logarithms and their duality relations

For statistical systems that violate one of the four Shannon–Khinchin axioms, entropy takes a more general form than the Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy. The framework of superstatistics allows one to formulate a maximum entropy principle with these generalized entropies, making them useful for understanding distribution functions of non-Markovian or nonergodic complex systems. For such systems where the composability axiom is violated there exist only two ways to implement the maximum entropy principle, one using escort probabilities, the other not. The two ways are connected through a duality. Here we show that this duality fixes a unique escort probability, which allows us to derive a complete theory of the generalized logarithms that naturally arise from the violation of this axiom. We then show how the functional forms of these generalized logarithms are related to the asymptotic scaling behavior of the entropy.     

经典型苯丙酮尿症患儿微量元素水平分析

【目的】探讨经典型苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria,PKU)患儿低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗后血红蛋白及微量元素含量,了解患儿的营养状况,以便进一步完善治疗方案。【方法】采集43例经典型PKU患儿[男29例,女14例,年龄5月~3岁,平均(1.78±0.65)岁]及43例正常儿童[男28例,女15例,年龄5月~3岁,平均(1.77±0.68)岁]手指末梢血,采用五通道原子吸收光谱法进行微量元素测定,同时进行血常规检测。【结果】经典型PKU患儿血锌明显低于正常对照组,血红蛋白测定差异无显著性。【结论】对低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗的经典型PKU患儿应定期进行血微量元素检测并及时补充,以纠正治疗过程中这些元素的不足,保证患儿得到全面营养,以利于其生长发育。     

曹颖甫运用经方峻猛剂的临证经验

《伤寒论》被历代医家崇奉为方书之祖,治病之宗本。曹颖甫一生治医专宗仲景,以善用经方而闻名。尤以擅用峻猛之剂治疗痼疾,效如桴鼓。《经方实验录》是他长期临证经验的缩影。抵当汤证和大陷胸汤证二则经典医案明示我们:既不能畏峻猛方剂而不用,又要治医循序渐进,切勿躐等以求功。     

经方生姜应用浅析

生姜为临床常用中药,《伤寒杂病论》中,仲景对生姜多有妙用。试就仲景对生姜的应用规律作一探讨分析。     

小檗碱的抗血小板作用和机制

小檗碱的抗血小板作用和机制储钟禄，黄才国，徐志平小檗碱（Ｂｅｒｂｅｒｉｎｅ，ＢＲ）是从黄连、黄柏等药用植物中提取出来的有效成分，也称黄连素，并已可人工合成。其结构为原小檗碱（Ｐｒｏｔｏｂｅｒｂｅｒｉｎｅ）季碱（ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＢａｓｅ）。临床长期...     

The effect of moving textures on the responses of cells in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the anaesthetized cat were activated with test stimuli (flashing spots, counterphased gratings and moving bars) in the presence of a moving background texture. Moving texture alone produced mild excitation, as a result of stimulation of the receptive field centre. Fast moving coarse textures were more effective than fine slow moving textures. The predominant effect of texture motion, however, was to reduce the response to all test stimuli displayed in the receptive field centre. The effects were similar for X- and Y-like cells. In the case of flashed spots, the sustained response was more strongly suppressed than the transient response. The direction of motion of the texture and differences in the relative motion of bar and texture had no influence on the degree of suppression. These observations are similar to effects seen on cat retinal ganglion cells, and are probably a form of gain control. Such suppressive effects are transmitted to the cortex and are likely to be evoked by large gratings, textures and by natural stimuli, all of which activate extensive regions of the receptive field surround.     

不同地区医院处方与经方药味、用量比较

目的：比较《伤寒杂病论》205首汤剂经方与北京东直门医院、河南中医学院一附院、上海龙华医院等3家医院中医处方的药物组成、用量.方法：按照中国历代度量衡量值表,对205首经方进行古今折算,计算经方平均药物组成、用量.随机抽取东直门医院、河南中医学院一附院3天门诊汤剂处方,上海龙华医院一天门诊汤剂处方,分别计算它们的处方平均药物组成、用量,分别与经方比较.结果：现代3家医院平均处方用药较经方明显增多,有显著差异,P＜0.05.河南中医学院一附院平均处方用量与经方用量无明显差异;北京东直门医院处方用量较经方用量小,有显著差异,P＜0.05;上海龙华医院处方平均用量较经方用量大,差异显著,P＜0.05.结论：与经方相比,东直门医院、河南中医学院一附院、上海龙华医院处方药味明显增加;与现代医院处方相比,经方单味药物用量较大.经方药物组成、用量值得深入研究.