Perception of the Food and Drug Administration Electronic Cigarette Flavor Enforcement Policy on Twitter: Observational Study

BackgroundOn January 2, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) flavor enforcement policy to prohibit the sale of all flavored cartridge–based e-cigarettes, except for menthol and tobacco flavors.ObjectiveThis research aimed to examine the public perception of this FDA flavor enforcement policy and its impact on the public perception of e-cigarettes on Twitter.MethodsA total of 2,341,660 e-cigarette–related tweets and 190,490 FDA flavor enforcement policy–related tweets in the United States were collected from Twitter before (between June 13 and August 22, 2019) and after (between January 2 and March 30, 2020) the announcement of the FDA flavor enforcement policy. Sentiment analysis was conducted to detect the changes in the public perceptions of the policy and e-cigarettes on Twitter. Topic modeling was used for finding frequently discussed topics about e-cigarettes.ResultsThe proportion of negative sentiment tweets about e-cigarettes significantly increased after the announcement of the FDA flavor enforcement policy compared with before the announcement of the policy. In contrast, the overall sentiment toward the FDA flavor enforcement policy became less negative. The FDA flavor enforcement policy was the most popular topic associated with e-cigarettes after the announcement of the FDA flavor enforcement policy. Twitter users who discussed about e-cigarettes started to talk about other alternative ways of getting e-cigarettes after the FDA flavor enforcement policy.ConclusionsTwitter users’ perceptions of e-cigarettes became more negative after the announcement of the FDA flavor enforcement policy.     

Investigating the Effect of Smoke Treatment on Hygroscopic Characteristics of Bamboo by FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy

Treatment modification to improve the durability of bamboo against biotic and abiotic factors often results in adverse effects to its mechanical properties due to changes in hygroscopic characteristics. This study aims at exploring in more detail, the effect of treatment modification, in particular smoke treatment, on the hygroscopic nature of bamboo. In the first part of this study, changes to its chemical structure were investigated by Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. From Raman analysis, specific bands attributed to lignin component in bamboo, namely at 1600 cm⁻¹ and 1632 cm⁻¹, which varied in intensities among treated and untreated specimens, could be considered to assess the extent of treatment modification. Besides, FTIR results showed that the chemical constituents of bamboo inner and outermost surfaces vary extensively with distinctive changes during treatment modification. The steam component in smoke treatment is assumed to cause a slight increase in the moisture content in the outermost surface of smoked bamboo as evidenced by FTIR results. In addition, the hydrophobic surface of smoked bamboo, which was affected during smoke treatment modification due to superior mean roughness parameter in its outermost surface, impacted its water-repelling ability. From FTIR results, an increase in lignin in bamboo was confirmed at peak 1114 cm⁻¹, which occurred as a result of thermal effect above a temperature of 100 °C leading to poly-condensation reactions. The increase in lignin is assumed to cause an overall increase in hardness of smoked bamboo which was found to be two-fold higher when compared with the untreated ones. The approach of this research investigation, which has shown the benefit of using spectroscopic techniques to monitor and understand the changes in the hygroscopic nature of bamboo surfaces, can likewise be considered to predict the corresponding effects of treatment modification or degradation on the mechanical properties of natural materials.     

慢支、肺气肿并肺动脉高压的特征及其机制探讨

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)肺动脉高压的不同阶段的特征及其相关机制.方法:将40只Wistar大鼠随机分成5组,每组8只.A组:低氧性肺动脉高压组,10%低氧,8 h/d,2周;B组:慢支、肺气肿并肺动脉高压组,分别于第1天、第14天经气管注入脂多糖(LPS)200 μg,烟熏2 h/d,6周,最后2周同时叠加18%低氧,8 h/d;C组:慢支、肺气肿组,分别于第1天、第14天经气管注入LPS 200 μg,烟熏2 h/d,共6周;D组:18%低氧,8 h/d,2周;E组:正常对照组,正常饲养6周.各组作血气分析,肺血流动力学测定和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)白细胞总数及分类计数.观测气道及肺组织和肺血管的病理组织学改变.结果:①与E组比较A、B组PaO2呈不同程度降低(P＜0.05),A、B组右心室收缩压(RVSP)、平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、右心室与左心室 室间隔重量比(RV/LV S)升高(P＜0.05).A、B组肌化型动脉(MA)增多,管壁增厚(P ＜0.05);②C、D组血气分析无变化(P＞0.05),与E组比较,C组RVSP、mPAP、RV/LV S升高(P＜0.05),C组MA增多(P＜0.05),但管壁无增厚(P＞0.05);D组肺血流动力学、肺血管重塑指标无改变(P＞0.05);③支气管肺泡灌洗液(BLAF)中,A、D组白细胞总数及分类计数与E组相当(P＞0.05),病理主要以上皮细胞变性坏死、黏液杯状细胞增生为主,炎细胞浸润不明显(P＞0.05).B、C组白细胞总数及分类计数增多(P＜0.05),中性粒细胞比例增多(P＜0.05),气道病理符合慢支、肺气肿改变,管壁呈现以淋巴细胞为主的多种炎细胞浸润.结论:COPD肺动脉高压在无低氧时期已经形成,炎症因素起重要作用,早期肺血管重塑以MA比例增高为主要表现,低氧加剧了病情的发展,并出现MA肌层的增厚,管腔变小.     

Smoking motivation in normal subjects using event-related potentials

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute nicotine administration following 18 h of abstinence from cigarette smoking. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured in 13 male volunteers for five successive sessions. The peak amplitude and the area of the P300 significantly increased during acute withdrawal. An increase in P300 values also was observed following resumption of smoking. However, in subjects pretreated with nicotine gum, no increase in P300 values was observed following resumption of smoking. The increase in P300 values persisted for several weeks and returned to control values following 1 month of routine daily smoking. The P300 amplitude was negatively correlated with the daily dose of nicotine. These results suggest that attention and/or arousal may be enhanced by the withdrawal and the resumption of smoking. The mechanisms involved in CNS hypersensitivity to motivate the subject to smoke may persist in the presence of an increased P300 value, even following resumption of routine daily smoking.     

艾烟和香烟烟雾对弱精子症模型大鼠的影响

目的:研究艾烟和香烟烟雾对弱精子症模型大鼠的影响。方法:将32只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为溶剂组、模型组、艾烟组和香烟组4组,每组8只。通过灌胃给予奥硝唑溶液建立弱精子症大鼠模型。计算机辅助精子分析系统用于检测艾烟和香烟烟雾对于弱精子症模型大鼠的精子活力、活率和密度等指标的影响。结果:与模型组比较,艾烟干预可以明显改善弱精子症模型大鼠的精子活力、活率和曲线速度(VCL)、直线运动速度(VSL)、平均路径速度(VAP)等功能指标;香烟组的精子活力、活率和VCL、VSL、VAP等功能指标均显著低于溶剂组和艾烟组。各组大鼠的精子密度无显著变化。结论:艾烟和香烟烟雾对机体产生的效应不同,艾烟可以提高弱精子症模型大鼠的精子活力、活率和运动能力,对弱精子症有一定的改善作用。     

烟雾吸入性肺损伤后吸入一氧化氮对早期中性粒细胞活性氧的影响

目的 研究大鼠烟雾吸入性肺损伤后吸入20 ppm的一氧化氮(NO)对中性粒细胞(PMN)活性氧的影响.方法 72只雄性Wistar大鼠,体重为250～350g,随机分入Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅲ组,每组各24只.各组再按伤后6、12及24小时3个时相点均分为3组.另取8只大鼠以同样方法致烟雾性损伤,测定伤后1小时伤后值.再取另外8只非致伤大鼠测定伤前值.除了伤前值组大鼠外,其余各组均复制成重度烟雾吸入性损伤模型.Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅲ3组分别于致伤后2小时开始应用动物呼吸机进行定容机械通气,Ⅰ组吸入空气,Ⅱ组吸入氧气(FiO2=0.4),Ⅲ组除吸氧外(FiO2=0.4)再吸入20ppm NO.处死大鼠后制备肺组织匀浆.用试剂盒测定肺组织活性氧水平(ROS)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量.数据均采用SPSS10.0统计软件包进行完全随机设计方差分析,结果用(x)±s表示.结果 伤后肺组织匀浆ROS含量均升高.伤后6小时及12小时时,3组之间无显著性差异(P＜0.05).至24小时,Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组降低(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组降低更为明显(P＜0.01),Ⅲ组亦低于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).TNF-α含量伤后明显升高,伤后12小时及24小时,Ⅲ组均低于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).ROS与TNF-α含量正相关性明显(r=0.442,P＜0.01).结论 吸入浓度为20 ppm的NO能抑制烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠的PMN产生ROS.     

吸烟对运动心肺功能的影响

目的 探讨无症状吸烟者的运动心肺功能情况.方法 采用运动负荷递增方案,对肺通气功能正常的17例非吸烟者和14例无症状吸烟者进行运动心肺功能试验,观察最大公斤体重摄氧量(VO2max/kg)、呼出潮气量(Tex)、呼吸储备(BR)、最大运动气促指数(Dimax)、无氧阈(AT)等指标的变化.结果 极量运动时吸烟组的最大公斤体重摄氧量、呼吸储备低于非吸烟组,最大运动气促指数高于非吸烟组(P＜0.05),其它观测指标差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 吸烟者即使尚无临床症状,其运动耐力及呼吸功能已呈现损害趋势.     

羟基红花黄色素A对香烟提取物诱导A549细胞炎症因子表达作用的研究

目的:探讨羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)抑制香烟烟雾提取物(CSE)诱导的A549肺泡上皮细胞炎症介质表达升高的作用。方法:用CSE刺激A549肺泡上皮细胞建立损伤模型,细胞分七组:单纯HSYA组、Sham组、CSE组、CSE+HSYA低剂量组(1μmol/L)、CSE+HSYA中剂量组(4μmol/L)、CSE+HSYA高剂量组(16μmol/L)和CSE+阳性对照药红霉素(5μg/mL)组。以RT-qPCR技术检测白介素(IL)-6、白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)-1和血管细胞黏附分子(VCAM)-1 mRNA的表达水平;ELISA法检测细胞培养液中IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α的蛋白水平表达;蛋白质印迹法(western blot)检测细胞p38MAPK磷酸化的水平。结果:与Sham组相比,CSE组IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、ICAM-1和VCAM-1 mRNA水平均明显升高(P0.001),给予不同浓度的HSYA后炎症因子的高表达受到抑制,红霉素组也见较明显的抑制。与Sham组相比,CSE组细胞上清液中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白的表达水平明显升高(P0.001),给予不同浓度的HSYA后CSE所诱发的炎症因子的高表达受到抑制,红霉素组也见较明显的抑制。与Sham组比较,CSE组的p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平明显升高(P0.001),给予不同浓度的HSYA后细胞p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平升高受到抑制,红霉素组也可见明显的抑制。结论:HSYA可抑制CSE诱导A549细胞的炎症因子的表达升高。     

长期被动吸烟对北京社区居民呼吸系统的影响

目的：调查长期被动吸烟对北京市社区居民肺功能、呼吸系统症状、慢性气道疾病及气道炎症的影响。方法入组北京市西城区35岁以上不吸烟居民835例,其中长期被动吸烟组380例(45.5%),对照组455例。采用调查问卷方式,了解受试者基本信息、慢性呼吸系统症状情况、呼吸系统疾病状况。检测所有受试者肺通气功能,包括FEV1和FEV6;采集血样、呼出气冷凝液(EBC),检测血清肺泡表面活性蛋白D(SPD),EBCpH值及IL-6水平。比较2组受试者上述指标的差异,并采用回归分析方法评价被动吸烟时间对肺功能、呼吸系统症状及疾病的影响;采用Spearman相关检验评价被动吸烟时间与血清SPD、EBCpH及IL-6的相关性。结果被动吸烟组年龄低于对照组,女性所占比例高于对照组。被动吸烟组FEV1%pred显著低于对照组,多元线性回归提示被动吸烟时间与FEV1呈负相关。被动吸烟组呼吸症状及气道疾病比例均略高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义,Logistic回归显示,被动吸烟时间是慢性咳嗽(OR=1.243,95%CI：1.058~1.459)及慢性支气管炎(OR=1.326,95%CI：1.031~1.704)的危险因素。被动吸烟组EBCpH略低于对照组,2组间SPD、EBCIL-6无明显差异;被动吸烟组中,被动吸烟时间与血清SPD水平呈正相关。结论北京市城区居民中,被动吸烟者FEV1%pred偏低、气道炎症指标偏高,并且这种改变随暴露时间增加而加重;慢性咳嗽及慢性支气管炎患病率随被动吸烟时间延长而增加。     

内质网应激对中性粒细胞趋化作用的影响

目的：探讨香烟烟雾提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)诱导脐静脉内皮细胞内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)对中性粒细胞趋化作用的影响。方法实验分4组：正常对照组、CSE刺激组、ERS抑制剂组和阴性对照组。培养人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cell,HUVECs),给予不同浓度的 CSE 刺激24 h,Real time-PCR 法检测糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78,GRP78)、趋化因子8(CXCL-8)、细胞间黏附分子1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1)、E-selectin mRNA 的表达水平;用 ERS 抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-phenylbutyrate,4-PBA)干预,ELISA法检测各组 HUVECs 的 CXCL-8蛋白表达水平,Transwell趋化实验检测各组培养上清对正常人外周血中性粒细胞的趋化作用。结果 CSE 增强 GRP78及CXCL-8、ICAM-1、E-selectin mRNA的表达,并在一定范围内具有浓度依赖性;ERS 抑制剂4-PBA减少CXCL-8的分泌(q=8.370,P<0.05),并减弱中性粒细胞的趋化作用(q=4.808,P<0.05)。结论 CSE诱导 HUVECs ERS,并上调 CXCL-8、ICAM-1、E-selectin的基因转录;4-PBA 减弱中性粒细胞的趋化作用,可能与减少CXCL-8分泌作用有关。