膈上胸导管结扎术在食管癌切除术中的应用

目的探讨胸导管结扎术对食管癌术后乳糜胸的预防和治疗作用。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2009年6月的两组共836例食管癌切除术后的乳糜胸发生情况和治疗效果。其中结扎组431例,术中常规在膈上水平整块结扎胸导管,非结扎组405例,术中未常规结扎胸导管,术后并发乳糜胸者,再次采用手术治疗。结果结扎组无术后乳糜胸发生。非结扎组术后发生乳糜胸15例（3．7％）,治愈13例（86．7％）,死亡2例（13．3％）,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭,1例死于多器官功能衰竭。结论食管癌切除术中常规结扎胸导管可有效预防术后乳糜胸的发生。膈上胸导管结扎法稳妥有效。食管癌术后并发乳糜胸应积极手术治疗。     

Outcomes of fetal intervention for primary hydrothorax

Objective

Primary hydrothorax is a rare congenital anomaly with outcomes ranging from spontaneous resolution to fetal demise. We reviewed our experience with fetuses diagnosed with primary hydrothorax to evaluate prenatal management strategies.

Methods

We reviewed the records of patients evaluated for fetal pleural effusions at our Fetal Treatment Center between 1996 and 2013. To define fetuses with primary hydrothorax, we excluded those with structural or genetic anomalies, diffuse lymphangiectasia, immune hydrops, and monochorionic diamniotic twin gestations.

Results

We identified 31 fetuses with primary hydrothorax, of whom 24 had hydrops. Hydropic fetuses were more likely to present with bilateral effusions. Of all fetuses with primary hydrothorax, 21 had fetal interventions. Survival without hydrops was 7/7 (100%), whereas survival with hydrops depended on whether or not the patient had fetal intervention: 12/19 (63%) with intervention and 1/5 (20%) without intervention. Premature delivery was common (44%) among those who had fetal intervention.

Conclusions

Fetal intervention for primary hydrothorax may lead to resolution of hydrops, but preterm birth and neonatal demise still occur. Understanding the pathophysiology of hydrops may provide insights into further prenatal management strategies, including targeted therapies to prevent preterm labor.     

食管癌术后乳糜胸的治疗

目的:探讨食管癌术后乳糜胸的防治方法。方法:回顾性分析17例食管癌术后并发乳糜胸患者的临床资料。结果:1 651例食管癌术后发生乳糜胸17例,发生率1.03%(17/1651),非手术治疗6例,手术治疗11例,均痊愈出院。结论:食管癌术后乳糜胸应本着预防为主,综合治疗的原则,膈上水平胸导管结扎对治疗和预防食管癌术后乳糜胸疗效确切。     

Does V-A ECMO increase the likelihood of chylothorax after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair?

Background: The authors noticed a relatively large number of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repair after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) who had a chylothorax (CT). The data are reviewed.Methods: The charts of patients from 1990 until 2000 with CDH, treated with or without ECMO, together with the charts of patients treated with ECMO for other reasons and patients with esophageal atresia (EA) repair were reviewed. The diagnosis of CT was made if aspirated fluid appeared chylous and contained more than 90% lymphocytes or if the triglyceride level was more than 1.50 mmol/L.Results: Eighty-nine patients with CDH were analyzed. Postoperatively, 10% had a CT—21% in CDH patients with ECMO treatment and 6% in CDH patients without ECMO treatment. This difference appeared to be significant (P < .05). The presence of a patch as independent variable for the development of CT also showed significance (P < .05).Conclusions: Chylothorax presented in almost all cases as a left-sided fluid accumulation, and a patch was present in the majority of patients with CDH. Therefor, CT should be considered the result of the severity of the defect rather than the consequence of ECMO as a therapeutic modality.     

选择性低位结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

目的探讨选择性低位结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸的发生。方法根据食管癌术后并发乳糜胸的原因,总结低位结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸的适应证,选择40例食管癌根治术患者进行选择性行低位集束结扎胸导管。术前3～4h服用牛奶200ml,或植物油50ml,或经胃管注入橄榄油等。结果全组术后无一例发生乳糜胸。结论对于食管癌手术预防乳糜胸选择适当的适应证及掌握胸导管结扎的方法进行预防性结扎胸导管取得较好的临床效果。     

常规胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

作者对202例中、上段食管癌病人术中常规行胸导管主干结扎术，术后无乳糜胸发生。讨论了胸导管的应用解剖，认为只要熟悉胸导管的解剖，无论使用何种方法，术中行胸导管结扎并不困难。最后认为，胸导管结扎是预防术后乳糜胸发生的有效方法，应此起重视。     

MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES FOR TREATMENT OF SPONTANEOUS, NEONATAL CHYLOTHORAX Lipid Analysis of the Chyle

Abstract Volume and contents of lipid and protein in the pleural fluid from a three weeks old girl with spontaneous chylothorax were studied ( a ) during parenteral, nonfatty nutrition and later ( b ) during administration of a formula (Biosorbin®) containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT). The pleural fluid production could not be correlated to the treatment employed but suddenly ceased after 20 days management. Triglyceride and total esterified fatty acid concentrations in pleural fluid were high on admission when feeded with human milk, and chylomicrons and other lipoproteins were present in the chyle. During parenteral treatment a pronounced decrease in pleural fluid concentrations of triglyceride and total fatty acids occurred concomitant with a disappearance of the chylomicrons. During the following MCT diet a pronounced increase in triglyceride and total fatty acids concentrations appeared and the chylomicrons reappeared in the chyle. The cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in the pleural fluid showed only small changes during the different treatments. No significant changes in protein and albumin concentrations of chyle were observed. It is concluded, that administration of the Biosorbin® MCT formula, containing 871/2% of the fat as MCT, seems without value in the treatment of spontaneous, neonatal chylothorax.     

Managing a Chest Tube and Drainage System

Intercostal drainage tubes (ie, chest tubes) are inserted to drain the pleural cavity of air, blood, pus, or lymph. The water-seal container connected to the chest tube allows one-way movement of air and liquid from the pleural cavity. The container should not be changed unless it is full, and the chest tube should not be clamped unnecessarily. After a chest tube is inserted, a nurse trained in chest-tube management is responsible for managing the chest tube and drainage system. This entails monitoring the chest-tube position, controlling fluid evacuation, identifying when to change or empty the containers, and caring for the tube and drainage system during patient transport. This article provides an overview of indications, insertion techniques, and management of chest tubes.     

Transabdominal ligation of the thoracic duct as treatment of choice for postoperative chylothorax after esophagectomy

Postoperative chylothorax after injury of the thoracic duct during esophagectomy is a rare but severe complication which may lead to serious problems such as loss of fat and proteins, and immunodeficiency. Without treatment mortality can rise to over 50%. From 1988 to 2005, we treated 10 patients with postoperative chylothorax after 409 resections of the esophagus (2.4%). Of these 10 patients nine underwent transthoracic esophagectomy with gastric pull-up to enable an intrathoracic (n = 7) or cervical (n = 2) anastomosis and one patient received a transhiatal esophagectomy with gastric pull-up and cervical anastomosis. The average amount of postoperative chylus was 2205 mL (200-4500 mL) per day. After a median postoperative interval of 10 days, relaparotomy and transhiatal double ligation of the thoracic duct was performed in nine out of 10 patients. One patient could be managed conservatively. The average amount of chylus was reduced to 151 mL per day (90.5%). Seven patients had no complications, and three suffered from postoperative pneumonia. Two of the patients with pneumonia recovered, and one died. Discharge from hospital, after ligation of the thoracic duct, was possible after a median time of 18 days (11-52). Ligation of the thoracic duct via relaparotomy appeared to be a simple and safe method to treat postoperative chylothorax.