Chylothorax due to central vein thrombosis treated by venous stenting using a dual approach: A case report

Rationale:Central vein thrombosis is an uncommon cause of chylothorax, usually secondary to central venous catheterization in association with prothrombotic state causes such as malignancies. In the following case, thrombosis was located in the left brachiocephalic vein and caused recurrent chylothorax resistant to the first line of treatment and successfully treated by percutaneous recanalization using a dual approach.Patient concerns:A 52-year-old male patient with current follicular lymphoma undergoing treatment and recent history of COVID-19 pulmonary infection was hospitalized for dyspnea. A chest X-ray revealed extensive bilateral pleural effusion. Analysis of the pleural fluid was compatible with a chylothorax. Iodin injected thoracic computed tomography (CT) revealed a complete left brachiocephalic thrombosis extending to the left axillary vein, with no thoracic mass.Diagnoses:Chylothorax due to left brachiocephalic vein thrombosis.Interventions:Following an unsuccessful first line of treatment consisting of a low-fat diet, somatostatins and anticoagulation medication, the patient was elected to undergo minimally invasive venous recanalization with stenting. After a first failed attempt of recanalization by femoral access, we successfully crossed the thrombus through brachial access and conducted a dilatation and stenting of the brachiocephalic vein by femoral access, using a “telepheric” method.Outcomes:During the 4-month follow up, PET-scanner and chest X-ray demonstrated a significant reduction of the pleural effusion, and the patient reported complete clinical recovery.Lessons:Central vein thrombosis is an unusual cause of chylothorax. We report a case of chylothorax complicating a brachiocephalic vein thrombosis successfully treated by percutaneous recanalization and stenting using a dual brachial and femoral approach. No thoracic duct embolization or ligature was required.     

胸外科手术后继发乳糜胸的防治

乳糜胸是一种罕见且严重的胸外科手术并发症,导致患者严重的营养消耗、生理紊乱和免疫抑制,了解乳糜漏的病理生理学是治疗原则的基础。保守治疗旨在通过营养干预减少乳糜的产生,并通过乳糜液引流控制症状,终点是淋巴管的自发闭合。手术干预的时机仍然存在争议,胸腔镜胸导管夹闭以及栓塞已成为开放手术的替代方案。采取何种处理方法应根据患者自生情况判断和决定,过度强调手术及不适当的保守治疗都不是临床的最佳选择。本文对胸外科术后继发乳糜胸的治疗及预防现状和新的进展进行了综述。     

宫内发现胎儿胸腔积液 生后呼吸困难

新生儿乳糜胸是新生儿先天性胸腔积液的常见病因,常由多种原因导致胸导管及其分支淋巴管破裂,乳糜液在胸腔内蓄积所致。恶性肿瘤所致新生儿乳糜胸极为罕见。该例为国内首例新生儿纵隔神经母细胞瘤合并乳糜胸。男性患儿宫内即发现左侧胸腔积液,出生时窒息,生后以呼吸困难、全身发绀为主要表现。根据胸腔积液常规和生化诊断为左侧乳糜胸。该患儿经过持续胸腔穿刺置管引流、对症支持等多种治疗,左侧胸腔引流量达90~180?mL/d,考虑为新生儿难治性乳糜胸。生后13?d复查胸片提示左上肺野病灶,胸部CT平扫增强提示后纵隔神经母细胞瘤可能。尸检证实为后纵隔巨大神经母细胞瘤（低分化型）,侵犯C₇~T₆椎管及附近竖脊肌,肝脏及双侧肾上腺有少量肿瘤组织。考虑纵隔肿瘤为乳糜胸的根本病因。     

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??Pleural effusion has high morbidity among hospitalized children. The mainstays of treatment are to establish an early diagnosis. Because the causes of pleural effusion are complex??the management of pleural effusion is very challenging and varies with causes. The review presents the approach to pleural effusion??including etiology??fluid analysis and managment. Pediatricians should be aware that pleural effusion is only the starting point of diagnosis and differential diagnosis??it is more important to find the cause??and clear etiology will result in effective and precise treatment.     

Chylothorax after left side pneumothorax surgery managed by OK-432 pleurodesis: An effective alternative

Chylothorax, a relatively rare complication of thoracic surgery, mostly occurs on the right side. We present a 16-year-old male who received thoracoscopic surgery for left spontaneous pneumothorax. Chylothorax developed on the postoperative 2^nd day and resolved after diet control on the 4^th day. Unfortunately, chylothorax recurred 2 weeks later. Chest drainage and nil per os with total parental nutrition were given but in vain. Thereafter, chemical pleurodesis with OK-432 was performed. Chylothorax resolved on the next day. The relevant literature is reviewed and possible pathogenesis clarified.     

Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma manifesting as massive malignant chylothorax: successful management with chemotherapy and ambulatory drainages using indwelling pleural catheter

Recurrent cancer‐related chylothorax is generally managed by talc pleurodesis or indwelling pleural catheter in the palliative care setting to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. In chylothorax associated with curable/treatable malignancies like lymphoma, there are scarce data regarding the efficacy and safety of indwelling pleural catheters. We report a case of recurrent massive chylothorax associated with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma who demonstrated long‐term remission of lymphoma and complete regression of chylothorax after treatment with combination chemotherapy and ambulatory drainages using indwelling pleural catheter.     

Intranodal lymphangiography as a possible therapeutic option for patients with isolated thoracic duct injury from penetrating chest trauma

A 49-year-old female presented to the emergency department after multiple stab injuries. Bilateral thoracostomy was performed due to a right hemopneumothorax and a left pneumothorax without tracheoesophageal and vascular injury. On admission day 4, a significant amount of milky fluid was collected in the drain after initiation of regular diet. Under suspicion of chylothorax, conservative management was initiated, but failed. Surgery was considered, but ruled out due to the patient’s refusal. As an alternative, lymphangiography was performed, which resulted in decreased thoracic drainage and eventual removal of the chest tube. This is an unusual case of an isolated thoracic duct injury that was successful treated by closure of the duct after intranodal lymphangiography.