褐藻铁钉菜化学成分的研究(Ⅱ)

采用稻瘟霉模型生物活性追踪方法，应用多种层析手段，从采自浙江南麂岛的褐藻铁钉菜(Ishigeokamurai)中分离得到6个化合物，应用多种波谱技术，分别确定为：3β，28ξ-二羟基-24-乙基-5，23Z-胆甾二烯(J)，13^2S-羟基脱铁叶绿素a(Ⅱ)。脱镁叶绿素a(Ⅲ)，1-O-二十六烷酰基甘油酯(Ⅳ)，1-O-十六烷酰基甘油酯(V)和l-O-(8Z-十四碳烯酰基)甘油酯(Ⅵ)。6个化合物均为首次从该种海藻中得到，Ⅰ和Ⅵ分别为新化舍物和新天然产物，Ⅰ～Ⅲ具有诱导稻瘟霉菌丝变形活性和肿瘤细胞毒性。     

玛咖酰胺研究进展

玛咖因其丰富的营养价值和多样的药用价值被作为食品和传统药材长期食用。玛咖酰胺为其特征性化合物,是一系列非极性长链脂肪酸的氮苄基酰胺类化合物,具有神经保护及神经系统调节等活性。综述了玛咖酰胺的种类,及其化学合成、检测方法、生物活性的国内外研究进展,为进一步研究及开发利用提供参考。     

丹参酮提取物物理化学质量属性相关性分析

目的：探寻丹参酮提取物化学成分的含量与物理性质之间的相关性。方法：HPLC测定50批丹参酮提取物中隐丹参酮、丹参酮IIA的含量,经典方法测定物理性质,将成分含量与物理性质进行相关性分析。结果：两变量组组内的隐丹参酮与丹参酮IIA含量,D10、D50、D90 之间,松装密度与振实密度,豪斯纳比率与压缩度指数均具有较强的相关性,休止角与均齐度、豪斯纳比率、压缩度指数具有一定的相关性,但相关性不强。两变量组的原始变量组间相关性系数最大不超过0.400,相关性不强。经过典型相关分析,3对典型变量的相关性显著,相关系数分别为0.851,0.674,0.565。结论：对于丹参酮提取物的化学、物理质量属性,原始变量组内具有较好的相关性,但组间相关性较差。相比原始变量,典型变量呈现出了较好的组间相关性,表明丹参酮提取物的物理化学属性之间具有一定的相关性。     

Network Structure and Properties of Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass

Based on lithium aluminosilicate glass, the composition of glass was optimized by replacing SiO₂ with B₂O₃, and the influence of glass composition on structure and performance was studied. With the increase in B₂O₃ concentrations from 0 to 6.5 mol%, Al₂O₃ always existed in the form of four-coordinated [AlO₄] in the network structure, and B₂O₃ mainly entered the network in the form of four-coordinated [BO₄]. The content of Si-O-Si linkages (Q₄^(0Al)) was always dominant. The incorporation of boron oxide improved the overall degree of polymerization and connectivity of the lithium aluminosilicate glass network structure. An increase in the degree of network polymerization led to a decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass and an increase in Vickers hardness and density. The durability of the glass in hydrofluoric acid and NaOH and KOH solutions was enhanced overall.     

龙胆苦苷药学研究进展及其临床配伍应用

目的综述龙胆苦苷的药学进展及临床配伍应用。方法查阅近20年的文献资料,总结龙胆苦苷的成分、结构、理化性质、药理作用、药代动力学研究及其临床应用情况。结果龙胆苦苷具有良好的抗炎、镇痛,保肝利胆和健胃养胃等作用;在体内分布较快,消除、排泄也较快。结论龙胆苦苷在临床上具有较高的应用价值,为开发新药及临床应用提供一定的参考。     

Xenohormesis:从进化与生态角度理解中药的生物效应

Xenohormesis解释了为何植物受环境胁迫后产生的次生代谢产物能提高取食动物的胁迫耐受性与生存机会,认为在自然选择压力下动物保留着感知这些胁迫信号分子的能力,从而激活进化保守性的细胞应激响应机制,提高逆境适应力.该文在介绍Xenohormesis效应概念与机制,分析总结植物与昆虫及人类的Xenohormesis效应关系的基础上,以人参为例阐述了中药Xenohormesis效应,认为借鉴Xenohormesis理论能从进化与生态角度理解中药生物效应的本质,对中药现代化研究具重要价值.     

白藜芦醇的制备方法研究进展

白藜芦醇是一种含有芪类结构的非黄酮类多酚化合物,在医药和食品工业中应用广泛,需求量大幅增加。本文综述了白藜芦醇的制备方法研究进展,包括天然植物提取法、化学合成法、生物工程技术法等,为进一步开发利用白藜芦醇提供依据。     

Integration of Hot Isostatic Pressing and Heat Treatment for Advanced Modified γ-TiAl TNM Alloys

The conventional processing route of TNM (Ti-Nb-Mo) alloys combines casting and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) followed by forging and multiple heat treatments to establish optimum properties. This is a time-consuming and costly process. In this study we present an advanced alternative TNM alloy processing route combining HIP and heat treatments into a single process, which we refer to as IHT (integrated HIP heat treatment), applied to a modified TNM alloy with 1.5B. A Quintus HIP lab unit with a quenching module was used, achieving fast and controlled cooling, which differs from the slow cooling rates of conventional HIP units. A Ti-42.5Al-3.5Nb-1Mo-1.5B (at.%) was subjected to an integrated two HIP steps at 200 MPa, one at 1250 °C for 3 h and another at 1260 °C for 1 h, both under a protective Ar atmosphere and followed by cooling at 30 K/min down to room temperature. The results were compared against the Ti-43.5Al-3.5Nb-1Mo-0.8B (at.%) thermomechanically processed in a conventional way. Applying IHT processing to the 1.5B alloy does indeed achieve good creep strength, and the secondary creep rate of the IHT processed materials is similar to that of conventionally forged TNM alloys. Thus, the proposed advanced IHT processing route could manufacture more cost-effective TiAl components.     

马来西亚西部眼化学伤75例回顾分析

目的:探讨化学伤的致伤物质种类、最容易发生化学伤的职业,眼部化学伤的严重性和伤后的并发症和视力预后.方法:通过病例回顾性研究,包括伤者的性别、年龄、种族、职业,探讨化学伤的致伤物质种类,就诊时视力,眼部化学伤的严重性和伤后的并发症和视力预后.结果:在75例患者中,90.3%为男性,84% 在工作年龄范围(21-50岁);29.3% 是工厂工人;52% 碱烧伤:65.4% 为制造厂和建筑工人;57.3% 双眼受累;9.3% 就诊时受伤眼视力＜6/60;72% 为I级;19.5% 患者并发干眼症,角膜血管翳,角膜混浊,并发性白内障,继发性青光眼等;92%的伤眼最后视力是6/18或以上;6.2%伤眼失明.结论:虽然化学伤常常累及双眼,但多数患者伤情不严重,且视力预后较好.及时充分的冲洗可以缓解眼化学伤.适当的紧急处理可以减少长期的并发症和视力损害,但一些严重的化学伤可致盲.     

SRS-FISH: A high-throughput platform linking microbiome metabolism to identity at the single-cell level

One of the biggest challenges in microbiome research in environmental and medical samples is to better understand functional properties of microbial community members at a single-cell level. Single-cell isotope probing has become a key tool for this purpose, but the current detection methods for determination of isotope incorporation into single cells do not allow high-throughput analyses. Here, we report on the development of an imaging-based approach termed stimulated Raman scattering–two-photon fluorescence in situ hybridization (SRS-FISH) for high-throughput metabolism and identity analyses of microbial communities with single-cell resolution. SRS-FISH offers an imaging speed of 10 to 100 ms per cell, which is two to three orders of magnitude faster than achievable by state-of-the-art methods. Using this technique, we delineated metabolic responses of 30,000 individual cells to various mucosal sugars in the human gut microbiome via incorporation of deuterium from heavy water as an activity marker. Application of SRS-FISH to investigate the utilization of host-derived nutrients by two major human gut microbiome taxa revealed that response to mucosal sugars tends to be dominated by Bacteroidales, with an unexpected finding that Clostridia can outperform Bacteroidales at foraging fucose. With high sensitivity and speed, SRS-FISH will enable researchers to probe the fine-scale temporal, spatial, and individual activity patterns of microbial cells in complex communities with unprecedented detail.

With the rapid advances in both genotyping and phenotyping of single cells, bridging genotype and phenotype at the single-cell level is becoming a new frontier of science (1). Methods have been developed to shed light on the genotype–metabolism relationship of individual cells in a complex environment (2, 3), which is especially relevant for an in-depth understanding of complex microbial communities in the environment and host-associated microbiomes. For functional analyses of microbial communities, single-cell isotope probing is often performed in combination with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) (4–7), microautoradiography (MAR) (8, 9), or spontaneous Raman microspectroscopy (10–12) to visualize and quantify the incorporation of isotopes from labeled substrates. These methods can be combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)-targeted probes (13), enabling a direct link between metabolism and identity of the organisms. In addition, Raman-activated cell sorting has been recently developed using either optical tweezers or cell ejection for downstream sequencing of the sorted cells (14–16). While these approaches have expanded the possibilities for functional analyses of microbiome members (17), all of the aforementioned methods suffer from extremely limited throughput. Consequently, only relatively few samples and cells per sample are typically analyzed in single-cell stable isotope probing studies, hampering a comprehensive understanding of the function of microbes in their natural environment.To overcome the limited throughput of Raman spectroscopy, coherent Raman scattering microscopy based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) or stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) has been developed (18, 19). Compared with CARS, the SRS signal is free of the electronic resonance response (20) and is linear to molecular concentration, thus permitting quantitative mapping of biomolecules (21, 22). Both CARS and SRS microscopy have successfully been applied for studying single-cell metabolism in eukaryotes (23–26). In a label-free manner, SRS imaging has led to the discovery of an aberrant cholesteryl ester storage in aggressive cancers (27, 28), lipid-rich protrusions in cancer cells under starvation (29), and fatty acid unsaturation in ovarian cancer stem cells (30) and more recently, in melanoma (31, 32). CARS and SRS have also been harnessed to explore lipid metabolism in live Caenorhabditis elegans (33–36). Combined with stable isotope probing, SRS microscopy has allowed the tracing of glucose metabolism in eukaryotic cells (37, 38) and the visualization of metabolic dynamics in living animals (25). Recently, SRS was successfully applied to infer antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pure cultures and heavy water (D2O) metabolism (39). Yet, SRS microscopy has not been adapted for studying functional properties of members of microbiomes as SRS itself lacks the capability of identifying cells in a complex community.Here, we present an integrative platform that exploits the advantages of SRS for single-cell stable isotope probing together with two-photon FISH for the identification of cells in a high-throughput manner. To deal with the challenges in detecting low concentrations of metabolites inside small cells with diameters around 1 µm, we have developed a protocol that maximizes the isotope label content in cells and exploits the intense SRS signal from the Raman band used for isotope detection.Conventionally, FISH is performed separately by one-photon excited fluorescence microscopy (40). To enhance efficiency, we developed a system that implements highly sensitive SRS metabolic imaging with two-photon FISH using the same laser source. These efforts collectively led to a high-throughput platform that enables correlative imaging of cell identity and metabolism at a speed of 10 to 100 ms per cell. In comparison, it takes about 20 s to record a Raman spectrum from a single cell in a conventional spontaneous Raman FISH experiment (41, 42).Our technology enabled high-throughput analysis of single-cell metabolism in the human gut microbiome. In the human body, microbes have been shown to modulate the host’s health (43, 44). Analytical techniques looking into their activities and specific physiologies (i.e., phenotype) as a result of both genotype and the environment provide key information on how microbes function, interact with, and shape their host. As a proof of principle, we used stimulated Raman scattering–two-photon fluorescence in situ hybridization (SRS-FISH) to track the incorporation of deuterium (D) from D2O into a mixture of two distinct gut microbiota taxa. Incorporation of D from D2O into newly synthesized cellular components of active cells, such as lipids and proteins, occurs analogously to incorporation of hydrogen from water during the reductive steps of biosynthesis of various cellular molecules (10, 45, 46). Importantly, D incorporation from D2O has been shown to be reliable to track metabolic activity of individual cells within complex microbial communities in response to the addition of external substrates (10, 17, 47). When microbial communities are incubated in the presence of D2O under nutrient-limiting conditions, individual cells display only minimal activity and only minor D incorporation (11, 17, 47). In contrary, when cells are stimulated by the addition of an external nutrient, cells that can metabolize this compound become active and incorporate D into macromolecules, which lead to the presence of C-D bonds into the cell’s biomass. Consequently, D incorporation from D2O can be combined with techniques able to detect C-D signals, such as Raman-based approaches, and to track metabolic activity at the single-cell level in response to a variety of compounds. Here, we show that SRS-FISH enables fast and sensitive determination of the D content of individual cells while simultaneously unveiling their phylogenetic identity. We applied this technique to complex microbial communities by tracking in situ the metabolic responses of two major phylogenetic groups of microbes in the human gut (Bacteroidales and Clostridia spp.) and of a particular species within each group to supplemented host-derived nutrients. Our study revealed that 1) Clostridia spp. can actually outperform Bacteroidales spp. at foraging on the mucosal sugar fucose and shows 2) a significant interindividual variability of responses of these major microbiome taxa toward mucosal sugars. Together, our results demonstrate the capability of SRS-FISH to unveil the metabolism of particular microbes in complex communities at a throughput that is two to three orders of magnitude higher than other metabolism identity bridging tools, therefore providing a valuable multimodal platform to the field of single-cell analysis.