Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of GRF-like immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the rat hypothalamic arcuate nuclues and median eminence

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) synthesizing neuronal perikarya and terminals were investigated by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using rat hypothalamus. Immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were located mainly in the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus. They contained well developed cell organella such as mitochondria and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with some expansion. They also contained immunoreactive dense granules (80-120 nm in diameter). On the surface of the immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were frequently found non-immunoreactive axo-somatic synapses. Therefore, the GRF-like immunoreactive neurons were assumed to receive neuronal inputs from other neurons on their neuronal soma. In the external layer of the median eminence large numbers of immunoreactive terminals were distributed particularly around the capillaries of the portal vessel. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed large numbers of immunoreactive terminals containing immunoreactive dense granules, synaptic vesicles and mitochondria in the vicinity of the basement membrane of the pericapillary space of the portal vessel. Therefore, we concluded that GRF-like immunoreactive substances are released into the portal capillaries from the nerve terminals, which originate from the neuronal perikarya in the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus, and act on growth hormone release in the anterior pituitary. We also suggest that GRF-like immunoreactive neurons have abundant terminal arborization in the external layer of the median eminence.     

杏仁内侧核微量注射AVP和AVPMcAb对兔ET性发热效应的影响

在杏仁内侧核微量注射精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和精氨酸加压素单克隆抗体（ＡＶＰＭｃ－Ａｂ），观察其对兔内毒素（ＥＴ）性发热效应的影响。结果表明，杏仁内侧核微量注射ＡＶＰ能明显抑制兔ＥＴ性发热效应，注射ＡＶＰＭｃＡｂ则能明显提高兔ＥＴ性发热效应；而将ＡＶＰ和ＡＶＰＭＣＡｂ注射到杏仁外侧核则对兔ＥＴ性发热效应无明显影响。提示：杏仁内侧核也是ＡＶＰ抗热作用的一个重要作用部位。     

Manic episode with psychotic symptoms induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease.

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is an established therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). A manic episode with psychotic symptoms induced by STN-DBS occurred in a previously psychiatrically healthy patient, focusing on the role of STN-DBS in influencing not only motor but also emotional behaviour.     

肝尾叶切除

肝尾叶深藏于肝门结构与下腔静脉之间，具有独立的管道系统，手术切除风险较大，作者结合２例肝尾叶切除的体会，复习文献，对肝尾叶的解剖、影像学特征、切除指征及手术方法进行了讨论。     

Activity of lateral vestibular nucleus neurons during locomotion in the decerebrate Guinea pig

Summary The influence of locomotor activity upon neurons in the lateral vestibular nucleus was investigated in precollicularly-postmamillary decerebrate guinea pigs. Out of 95 recorded neurons, 24 were identified as vestibulospinal and 71 had no descending projections. Locomotor activity occurred either spontaneously or was prompted by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region. Natural vestibular stimulation was supplied by tilting the animal about its longitudinal axis. Locomotor rhythmic limb muscle activity was accompanied by an increase in the firing frequency in the vast majority of investigated neurons. The increase in frequency was observed at the beginning of ipsilateral forelimb extensor muscle activity. Only in a few non-vestibulospinal neurons was the spontaneous activity depressed during locomotion. An increase in evoked responses was observed in almost all vestibulospinal neurons and in two thirds of the neurons without descending projections. A decrease in evoked responses was observed in one quarter of non-vestibulospinal neurons. During locomotion, the mean and maximal frequencies of evoked neuronal impulse activity changed, but the phase lag of these changes was not altered significantly. The results suggest an enhancement of vestibulospinal influences during locomotion, thus providing a high level of tonus in antigravitational muscles. This is interpreted as a mechanism to ensure that equilibrium is maintained during motion in different gaits and postures.     

Effects of nerve growth factor on cortical and striatal acetylcholine and dopamine release in rats with cortical devascularizing lesions

The effects of intraventricular nerve growth factor (NGF) or saline treatments on extracellular acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA) and adenosine (Ade) levels in the cortex and striatum of rats with unilateral devascularizing cortical lesions were studied in vivo with microdialysis. The devascularizing cortical lesion produced a decrease in extracellular ACh levels in both cortex and striatum as compared to those in normal rats, while the NGF treatment produced a significant increase in ACh levels in both regions. NGF could even increase cortical ACh levels in normal rats. The cortical lesion produced a decrease in extracellular DA in the cortex, while the NGF treatment appeared to reverse this effect. No significant changes in DA were observed in the striatum. The present study gives evidence that a unilateral cortical devascularizing lesion leads to changes in extracellular ACh and DA levels in cortex and striatum and that these changes could be reversed with intraventricular NGF treatment.     

Effects of androgens and estrogens on the vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the adult rat brain

Recently we reported that castration of rats eliminates vasopressin immunoreactivity in the lateral septum and other areas that appear to receive vasopressin innervation from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Testosterone treatment counteracts this effect of castration. In the present study, we investigated whether this action of testosterone depends on its androgenic or estrogenic metabolites by treating long-term castrated rats with estradiol (E) and/or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or testosterone. The brains were then processed for immunocytochemistry or radioimmunoassay. DHT did not increase vasopressin staining in the lateral septum, although it fully restored the size of the seminal vesicles. E did restore the original fiber density, but individual fibers stained more weakly than in sham-operated males. Only treatment with both E and DHT fully restored the vasopressin innervation. This pattern was also reflected in the radioimmunoassay data. The vasopressin content of the lateral septum decreased about 90% after castration but was fully restored by either testosterone or E + DHT treatment. E alone, however, was only half as effective as E + DHT. The treatments had no effect on the oxytocin content of the septum, or on the vasopressin or oxytocin content of the dorsal vagal complex. The results suggest that E mediates most of the effects of testosterone on the vasopressin innervation of the lateral septum. DHT enhances the response to E but has little effect on its own.     

The effect of adrenalectomy on stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the rat brain

Previously, we determined the pattern of stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression throughout the brain in order to gain further insight into the identification of the neural circuits mediating stress-induced regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the present study, we determined if rapid effects of increased glucocorticoid levels after stress contribute to changes in c-fos mRNA expression. To this end, stress-induced c-fos expression was characterized in adrenalectomized (ADX) or adrenalectomized and corticosterone replaced (ADX/B) male rats. Animals were sacrificed 30 min post-onset of a 10 min swim stress, and in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to detect c-fos mRNA throughout the brain. The pattern of c-fos induction in the ADX and ADX/B animals was similar to that observed in the sham operated animals. Additionally, densitometric measurements were made to quantify the c-fos response in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the CA1/2 region of the hippocampus. We found that ADX did not alter the magnitude of the c-fos response to stress in these areas, but there was a slight dampening of the response in ADX/B animals. In sum, these results suggest that the pattern of c-fos expression observed 30 min post-stress is independent of stress-induced increases in circulating glucocorticoid concentrations.     

从ECCE到Phaco的转变--核处理技术的实验研究

目的通过化学方法制成动物核性白内障模型,探讨相对能量复合指数(RECP)与角膜内皮细胞活性的关系。方法将5种化学物质注入晶状体,以透过黑白条纹的清晰程度判断晶状体混浊程度并分级。然后将实验眼球分为6组(Ⅰ组为对照组;Ⅱ-Ⅵ为实验组),行标准超声乳化白内障摘除手术。手术后立即取下角膜,作锥蓝-茜素红联合染色标本和扫描电镜标本。结果晶状体内注入甲醛、冰醋酸、无水乙醇、丙酮和苯扎溴铵均能形成晶状体混浊,其中:冰醋酸致晶状体混浊能力最弱,无水乙醇、丙酮次之,甲醛、苯扎溴铵最强。当RECP≤90时,锥蓝-茜素红双重染色和扫描电镜均表明角膜内皮细胞活性好,其形态和细胞联接均无改变。当RECP=120时,角膜内皮细胞形态尚正常,但是细胞联结和胞膜部分破坏。当RECP=150时,角膜内皮细胞严重损伤。结论用化学方法制作核性白内障模型供过渡训练使用是可行的。当RECP超过某一数值(>90)时,即与角膜内皮细胞的活性成负相关。