Spontaneous phasic activity in the brain: differences between waves in lateral geniculate and central lateral nuclei across sleep states

SUMMARY  Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves are spontaneously-occurring macropotential waveforms recorded in the pons, lateral geniculate body (LGB) and occipital cortex. PGO waves mark the onset and course of rapid eye movement sleep (REM). PGO-like waves can be recorded in several brain areas including the thalamic central lateral nucleus (CL). Alerting stimuli elicit PGO waves (PGO_E) from LGB and waves from CL (CL_E) in all behavioural states. We compared spontaneous activity in LGB and CL across behavioral states to examine the relationship of CL waves to PGO waves. Spontaneous waves in LGB and CL may occur concurrently or separately in all states. Although REM is marked by a high level of LGB PGO activity, CL waves are rare. Frequencies of CL and LGB waves are similar in non-REM (NREM) although the waves do not necessarily occur at the same time. These findings suggest that the widespread phasic activity recorded throughout the brain in sleep cannot be assumed to be a non-specific unitary phenomenon propagated from a single brainstem generator.     

网膜囊上隐窝的CT应用解剖

在42套腹部断面标本及50例整尸上观察到:网膜囊上隐窝呈“V”形间隙围绕肝尾状叶,前界为小网膜及肝左叶,后界是膈,顶由肝冠状韧带或膈形成,下抵胰,左邻食管;在正中矢状面上均出现肝尾状叶,且尾状叶套入或游离于网膜囊上隐窝。这些结果对在 CT 图像上鉴别尾状叶周围的积液及肿块具有重要意义。     

神经节苷脂GM_1对胚基底前脑移植入Alzheimer病鼠的影响

用使君子酸毁损大鼠左侧基底大细胞核,制成Alzheimer病模型鼠。2周后进行移植,移植组分单纯胚基底前脑细胞悬液移植组(ST组)和含单唾液酸神经节苷脂(GM_1)的胚基底前脑悬液移植组(GM_1组)。移植后2月、6月行为测试发现,两移植组学习和记忆行为均有改善,GM_1T组行为指标在2月和6月时均与模型组有显著差异。而与正常组无显著差异;ST组仅在6月时与GM_1T组相似。GM_1T组动物在移植前后进行了体感诱发电位检测,结果发现移植前损毁侧正常出现的10 ms正波消失,而在移植后2月和6月时此波重新出现或潜伏期呈轻或中度延长。形态学观察发现,破坏后1周或6月时破坏侧基底大细胞核的AChE阳性细胞大部消失,同侧额、顶叶皮质AChE阳性纤维和终末明显减少。GM_1T组移植区较ST组移植区大。GM_1T组移植区AChE阳性细胞较ST组多而且突起长。两组均见有ChAT免疫阳性细胞。实验表明GM_1能保护植入受体脑内的胚脑细胞并促进它们在受体脑内发育生长并发挥功能效应。     

大鼠固定脑双侧脑桥尾侧网状核间联系的研究-Dil荧光标记法

本文用Di1荧光染料作轴突示踪剂,主要在大鼠死后固定脑组织上研究双侧脑桥尾侧网状核间联系。结果发现:大量标记纤维聚集成小束,自一侧脑桥尾侧网状核越过中线至对侧同名核,标记纤维呈桔红色、强荧光,直径约1-2微米,纤维主要集中该核的腹侧区。当这些纤维达对侧网状结构内的脑桥尾侧网状部位,其中有些纤维分为上升、下降技。下降纤维行于两侧网状结构的内侧部,同侧约可追踪4-7毫米,对侧约2毫米左右,纤维在下降过程中逐渐减少。活体注射后,可见少量越过中线纤维,并在两侧网状结构内侧部见到少量纤维和散在的终末样纤维。双侧锥体束内均见大量标记纤维,除少数例子外,对侧荧光强度强于同侧。少量交叉纤维入对侧锥体束后入脑桥尾侧网状核。本文还对新近使用于神经解剖研究的荧光染料Dil的优、缺点进行了探讨。     

大鼠孤束迷走复合体儿茶酚胺能神经元向杏仁核的直接投射—HRP与免疫组织化学双标记研究

将HRP注入大鼠杏仁中央核(Ce)和基底外侧核(BL),发现在孤束迷走复合体(Sol/dmnx)尾段出现较多的逆行标记细胞。将WGA-HRP注入Sol/dmnx,在Ce和BL见到标记终末。用HRP逆行追踪和抗酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)抗体进行的免疫组化染色相结合的双重标记方法,发现从锥体交叉平面到最后区(AP)吻端平面,Sol/dmnx内有恒定的HRP逆行标记、TH样阳性和HRP/TH样双重标记的三种阳性神经元。双标记细胞主要分布于连合核(solC)、内侧亚核(solM),少量的位于间位核(solI)、背侧亚核(solD)及dmnx的背侧缘等。闩至最后区平面较多。阳性细胞皆以小型为主,多为圆形、三角形,soll中的则为长梭形。双重标记细胞占TH样免疫阳性细胞总数的18.8%,占HRP逆标细胞总数的90%,同侧为主,对侧偶见。本文对其功能意义作了探讨分析。     

大白鼠楔外、内核及薄束核向小脑蚓部皮质的投射

用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)逆行传递法,在44只大白鼠脑,研究了楔外、内核和薄束核到小脑蚓部皮质的投射。结果表明:当HRP注于蚓部皮质Ⅳ—Ⅴ小叶后,在楔外核、楔内核和薄束核均有标记细胞。在楔外核全核内标记细胞较为密集,可见此核主要投射于小脑的该区。在Ⅳ—Ⅴ小叶注射例中,标记细胞亦见于楔内核的嘴侧部,但出现的标记细胞较少;于个别例,薄束核内可见为数甚少的标记细胞。当HRP注入蚓部皮质Ⅵ—Ⅶ小叶后,在后述两核均未见到标记细胞。当HRP注于Ⅷ—Ⅸ小叶后,在楔外核出现一些标记细胞,但这些标记细胞与注射于Ⅳ、Ⅴ小叶相比,数目明显减少;在该组注射例中,于楔内核的腹外侧部可出现一些标记细胞,但数目很少;此区注射后,薄束核内未见标记细胞。由此可见,楔外核对小脑蚓部皮质有较多的投射纤维,楔内核有很少的投射纤维,薄束核只有为数更少的纤维投射。     

大鼠新生期皮下注射谷氨酸单钠对成年后下丘脑ACTH神经元和正中隆起CRF神经纤维免疫反应性的影响

本文采用过氧化酶—抗过氧化酶(PAP)的免疫组织化学和荧光免疫组织化学的方法,研究了新生期大鼠皮下注射谷氨酸单纳(MSG)对成年后下丘脑弓状核促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)神经元和正中隆起内促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)神经纤维免疫反应的影响。新生期MSG处理后,弓状核中ACTH神经元的数目明显减少,正中隆起CRF样免疫反应末稍也大大减少,减少程度随MSG剂量增大而增加。提示MSG通过损伤前阿黑皮素(POMC)衍生的神经多肽,从而影响下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺皮质轴的功能。     

The cholinergic innervation of the rat substantia nigra: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study

Summary Putative cholinergic axons and synaptic endings were demonstrated in the substantia nigra (SN) of the rat by light and electron microscopy on the basis of the localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. The distribution of ChAT immunoreactivity in the SN as demonstrated by light microscopy revealed a modest network of ChAT-immunoreactive beaded axons in the SNc, in comparison to a relatively sparse distribution in the SNr. These axonal profiles were most dense in the middle of the rostral-caudal extent of the SNc and appeared to be concentrated in the middle third of the medial-lateral extent. By electron microscopy, unmyelinated, small diameter (0.25 m) ChAT-immuno-reactive axons were observed interspersed among numerous other non-immunoreactive axons in the SNc. ChAT-immunoreactive synaptic endings were observed in juxtaposition to small caliber (0.5 m) non-immunoreactive dendrites, and contained numerous spheroidal synaptic vesicles and occasional mitochondria. Synaptic contact zones were characterized by an accumulation of synaptic vesicles along the presynaptic membrane, and a prominent postsynaptic densification producing an asymmetrical pre-/postsynaptic membrane profile typical of excitatory synapses. These findings provide direct evidence for a cholinergic innervation of the SN, and suggest that this input may have an excitatory effect on neuronal elements in the SNc.     

Projections of the temporo-parietal cortex on vestibular complex in the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Summary Connections of the posterior parietal cortex (area 7) with the vestibular complex have been studied in 4 macaque monkeys by anterograde axonal transport methods. WGA-HRP and tritiated amino-acids have been injected in the posterior part of area 7 including the caudal end of the superior bank of superior temporal sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Labeled terminals were observed in the vestibular nuclei complex and distributed bilaterally with a greater ipsilateral contribution. Two main groups of area 7 efferences were found to project to vestibular complex: a) A first group terminates on vestibular nuclei (the inferior vestibular nucleus and the caudal part of the medial nucleus) mainly connected with cerebello-spinal system, b) A second group terminates on vestibular nuclei (the medial and the superior vestibular nuclei and the y group) mainly involved in vestibulo-ocular mechanisms. The prepositus hypoglossi nucleus has also been found to receive area 7 projections. It is concluded that the possible control played by area 7 on the vestibulo-ocular reflex might be exerted through these direct cortico-vestibular projections.     

Projections from the ventral tegmental area and mesencephalic raphe to the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat

Summary The origins of the dopaminergic innervation of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (NRD) have been investigated using a combination of fluorescent retrograde tracing and fluorescence histochemistry. Stereotaxic microinjections of True Blue were placed in the central, caudal and lateral portions of the NRD, and after 6–12 days survival the brains were processed for fluorescence histochemical detection of catecholamines. Retrogradely labeled neurons were searched for in the diencephalic A11 and A13 dopaminergic cell groups, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the linear, central superior and dorsal raphe nuclei. The various NRD injections consistently resulted in retrograde labeling of a small number of catecholamine-containing, presumed dopaminergic cell bodies, confined mainly to three regions: the VTA, the linear and central superior raphe nuclei and the NRD itself. The present findings indicate that not only dopaminergic neurons in the VTA but also the system of catecholamine-containing cells, extending dorsally and caudally from the VTA within the midline raphe area, project to the NRD. Although often similar in size, shape and distribution to the catecholaminergic neurons the majority of retrogradely labeled cells in these regions were, however, found to be non-catecholaminergic.Abbreviations 3 Principal oculomotor nucleus - 4 Trochlear nucleus - Aq Cerebral aqueduct - cp cerebral peduncle - cst cortico-spinal tract - dscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle - DTg Dorsal tegmental nucleus - fr fasciculus retroflexus - IF Interfascicular nucleus - IP Interpeduncular nucleus - LL nucleus of the lateral lemniscus - ml medial lemniscus - mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus - mNV mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus - NLC Nucleus linearis caudalis - NLR Nucleus linearis rostralis - NRD Dorsal raphe nucleus - PAG Periaqueductal grey - PN Pontine nucleus - PRN Pontine raphe nucleus - R Red nucleus - RCS Nucleus raphe centralis superior - SN Substantia nigra - VTA Ventral tegmental area - VTg Ventral tegmental nucleus