非典型帕金森病相关疾病的临床诊断思路

目的 探讨非典型帕金森病(APD)相关疾病的临床诊断思路.方法 通过回顾性分析笔者医院2006～2011年收治的48例APD相关疾病患者的临床资料包括病史、体格检查、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、认知功能评估、左旋多巴(L-dopa)试验结果,复习文献,总结分析临床资料特征,并依据APD相关疾病的诊断标准作出临床诊断.结果 48例患者中,肌张力增高42例、震颤40例、运动迟缓39例、姿势反射异常32例、步态异常29例、直立性低血压13例、腱反射亢进11例、认知功能障碍11例、垂直性凝视麻痹和球麻痹各10例、共济失调和病理征阳性各8例、角膜K-F环7例、视幻觉5例、一侧肢体忽略并失用3例;肝功能异常9例、血小板减少8例、血清铜蓝蛋白降低7例、凝血功能异常5例;头颅CT:基底核区低密度影19例,脑室扩大17例,脑萎缩14例;头颅MRI:基底节区异常信号30例,脑室扩大20例,弥漫性脑萎缩18例,脑干和小脑萎缩15例,海马萎缩7例,双侧苍白球T2高信号4例.壳核“裂隙征”8例,脑桥“十字征”7例,中脑“蜂鸟征”6例;L-dopa试验反应不良46例;蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)总分＜26分23例.出院诊断:多系统萎缩(MSA)18例、进行性核上性麻痹(PSP)10例、Wilson病(WD)7例、路易体痴呆(DLB)6例、伴帕金森综合征(PS)的阿尔茨海默病(AD)5例和皮质基底核变性(CBD)2例.结论 APD相关疾病间,虽然临床表现有许多相似之处,但临床特征、诊断标准及治疗转归各不相同,正确区分十分必要.     

Factors Associated with Macular Staphyloma Area on Ultra-widefield Fundus Images

PurposeTo assess the feasibility of applying ultra-widefield fundus (UWF) images for macular staphyloma area (MSA) measurement and investigate the associated factors with MSA.MethodsThis is a retrospective study. MSA was measured by UWF imaging. Central foveal thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness, subfoveal scleral thickness were measured on spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Intraclass correlation coefficients of MSA measurement would be evaluated. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the associated factors with MSA.ResultsIn total, 135 eyes of 92 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 64.73 ± 10.84 years. Mean MSA on UWF image was 279.67 ± 71.70 mm². Intraclass correlation coefficients of MSA measurement was 0.965 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.946 to 0.977; p < 0.001). In the multiple linear regression analysis, after adjusting for subfoveal choroidal thickness, best-corrected visual acuity, central foveal thickness, and subfoveal scleral thickness, the factors independently related to MSA were axial length (β = 8.352; 95% CI, 3.306 to 13.398; p = 0.001), sex (β = −26.673; 95% CI, −51.759 to −1.586; p = 0.037), age (β = 1.184; 95% CI, 0.020 to 2.348; p = 0.046).ConclusionsIt is feasible to measure MSA on UWF image. Female, longer axial length, and older age may indicate larger MSA.     

Exploring Reticular Pseudodrusen Extent and Impact on Mesopic Visual Sensitivity in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration

PurposeTo explore the impact of the extent of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) on mesopic visual sensitivity in individuals with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD).MethodsIn total, 570 eyes from 285 participants with bilateral large drusen underwent microperimetry testing to assess the visual sensitivity of the central 3.6-mm region and multimodal imaging to determine the extent of RPD in the central 20° × 20° region (at the eye level). Mean visual sensitivity within five sectors in the central 3.6-mm region sampled on microperimetry and the extent of RPD in these sectors were derived. Linear mixed models were used to examine the association between the extent of RPD on overall mean visual sensitivity and sector-based mean sensitivity.ResultsAn increasing extent of RPD at the eye level and within sectors was associated with a significant reduction in overall and sector-based mean sensitivity, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). However, when both RPD parameters were considered together in a multivariable model, only an increasing extent of RPD at the eye level (P < 0.001) and not within each sector (P = 0.178) was independently associated with reduced sector-based mean sensitivity.ConclusionsMesopic visual sensitivity is generally reduced in eyes with large drusen and coexistent RPD compared to eyes without RPD, with greater reductions with an increasing extent of RPD. However, reduced sector-based visual sensitivities are explained by the overall extent of RPD present, rather than their extent within the sector itself. These findings suggest that there are generalized pathogenic changes in eyes with RPD accounting for the observed mesopic visual dysfunction.     

Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) causes a variety of signs and symptoms, such as low back pain (LBP), intervertebral disc herniation, and spinal stenosis, which contribute to high social and economic costs. IDD results from many factors, including genetic factors, aging, mechanical injury, malnutrition, and so on. The pathological changes of IDD are mainly composed of the senescence and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), the progressive degeneration of extracellular matrix (ECM), the fibrosis of annulus fibrosus (AF), and the inflammatory response. At present, IDD can be treated by conservative treatment and surgical treatment based on patients'' symptoms. However, all of these can only release the pain but cannot reverse IDD and reconstruct the mechanical function of the spine. The latest research is moving towards the field of biotherapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regard as the potential therapy of IDD because of their ability to self‐renew and differentiate into a variety of tissues. Moreover, the non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are found to regulate many vital processes in IDD. There have been many successes in the in vitro and animal studies of using biotherapy to treat IDD, but how to transform the experimental data to real therapy which can apply to humans is still a challenge. This article mainly reviews the treatment strategies and research progress of IDD and indicates that there are many problems that need to be solved if the new biotherapy is to be applied to clinical treatment of IDD. This will provide reference and guidance for clinical treatment and research direction of IDD.     

纹状体梗死患者黑质弥散变化的弥散张量研究

目的 观察纹状体梗死后黑质的弥散变化,探讨纹状体梗死后黑质的继发性损害及其意义.方法 收集首次发病、单侧纹状体梗死、非纹状体梗死、病程在3个月以上的患者各20例分别作试验组和临床对照组,募集健康志愿者20名作对照研究.研究对象均进行1次弥散张量成像(DTI),试验组与临床对照组进行改良Rankin量表(mRS)、Barthol指数(BI)的评分,评估患者脑梗死的预后以及日常生活能力,同时对部分有类似帕金森病症状的患者采用统一帕金森病综合评分量表(Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale,UPDRS)的第Ⅲ分量表评价其严重程度.结果 DTI的参数分析显示:分别与临床对照及健康对照比较,试验组梗死灶同侧黑质的平均弥散量(mean diffusion,MD)值分别升高30.86%(t=40.07,P=0.000)及31.42%(t=42.64,P=0.000),临床对照组梗死灶同侧黑质的MD值与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义.与没有帕金森病样症状的患者比较,试验组患者中4例出现帕金森病样症状患者梗死灶同侧黑质的MD值升高22%(t=18.03,P=0.01),同时患侧黑质的MD值的上升与其帕金森病样症状的严重程度呈正相关(r=0.97,P=0.03).结论 纹状体梗死可以导致同侧黑质的继发性损害,而且这种继发性损害可能是部分帕金森综合征的发病原因.     

An autopsy case of acute porphyria with a decrease of both uroporphyrinogen I synthetase and ferrochelatase activities

Summary An autopsy case of a 37-year-old woman with acute porphyria is reported. The patient began to complain of severe menstrual pains, and later developed serious peripheral neuropathy and various autonomic nervous symptoms.The autopsy revealed a marked loss and degeneration of axons and myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and prominent central chromatolysis of the spinal anterior horn cells. The predominant process of the peripheral neuropathy appeared to be axonal degeneration.Biochemical analysis showed a marked increase of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen, uroporphyrin, and coproporphyrin in the urine, and an increase of coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin in the stools and blood. In the analysis of the enzymatic activities of the liver and bone narrow, the activity of ALA synthetase (ALA-S) was markedly increased, and the activities of both uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (URO-S) and ferrochelatase were decreased. It was characteristic in this case that the enzymatic abnormalities found in both acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) and variegate porphyria (VP) coexisted.Biochemical analysis of the sciatic nerve showed an increase of ALA-S activity and a decrease of both URO-S and ALA dehydrase activities. This was the first report that indicated the presence of abnormal activities of the heme biosynthetic enzymes in the peripheral nerves of porphyric patients. The possibility was discussed that these enzymatic abnormalities of the heme biosynthesis in the peripheral nerve itself might be strongly related to the pathogenesis of the porphyric neuropathy.     

灵仙通络方对C518大鼠膝关节退变软骨细胞增殖、Ⅱ型胶原及基质金属蛋白酶-13表达的影响

目的：探讨灵仙通络方对C518大鼠膝关节退变软骨细胞增殖、Ⅱ型胶原（COL-Ⅱ）及基质金属蛋白酶-13（MMP-13）的影响。方法选取C518大鼠膝关节软骨细胞株,随机分为中药组（灵仙通络方）、西药组（氨糖美辛）和对照组（氯化钠溶液）,进行培养、诱导退变等处理,于给药后第1、2、3 d,分别检测中药组、西药组和对照组不同浓度下对软骨细胞增殖、COL-Ⅱ及MMP-13表达的影响。结果同一时间点的中药组、西药组不同浓度之间噻唑蓝（MTT）值差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。对照组不同浓度氯化钠溶液的MTT值差异不具有统计学意义（P＞0.05）。在COL-Ⅱ免疫组化染色中,中药组与西药组和对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,且中药组优于西药组（染色指数χ2=16.26,df=2,P＜0.01）。在 MMP-13免疫组化染色中,对照组较中药组、西药组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,且中药组优于西药组（染色指数χ2=54.31,df=2,P＜0.01）。结论 C518大鼠膝关节退变软骨细胞经灵仙通络方干预后能够促进其增殖,调节COL-Ⅱ、MMP-13的表达,延缓膝关节骨性关节炎疾病的发展进程。     

Divergent Histopathological Networks of Frontotemporal Degeneration Proteinopathy Subytpes

Network analyses inform complex systems such as human brain connectivity, but this approach is seldom applied to gold-standard histopathology. Here, we use two complimentary computational approaches to model microscopic progression of the main subtypes of tauopathy versus TDP-43 proteinopathy in the human brain. Digital histopathology measures were obtained in up to 13 gray matter (GM) and adjacent white matter (WM) cortical brain regions sampled from 53 tauopathy and 66 TDP-43 proteinopathy autopsy patients. First, we constructed a weighted non-directed graph for each group, where nodes are defined as GM and WM regions sampled and edges in the graph are weighted using the group-level Pearson''s correlation coefficient for each pairwise node comparison. Additionally, we performed mediation analyses to test mediation effects of WM pathology between anterior frontotemporal and posterior parietal GM nodes. We find greater correlation (i.e., edges) between GM and WM node pairs in tauopathies compared with TDP-43 proteinopathies. Moreover, WM pathology strongly correlated with a graph metric of pathology spread (i.e., node-strength) in tauopathies (r = 0.60, p < 0.03) but not in TDP-43 proteinopathies (r = 0.03, p = 0.9). Finally, we found mediation effects for WM pathology on the association between anterior and posterior GM pathology in FTLD-Tau but not in FTLD-TDP. These data suggest distinct tau and TDP-43 proteinopathies may have divergent patterns of cellular propagation in GM and WM. More specifically, axonal spread may be more influential in FTLD-Tau progression. Network analyses of digital histopathological measurements can inform models of disease progression of cellular degeneration in the human brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we uniquely perform two complimentary computational approaches to model and contrast microscopic disease progression between common frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) proteinopathy subtypes with similar clinical syndromes during life. Our models suggest white matter (WM) pathology influences cortical spread of disease in tauopathies that is less evident in TDP-43 proteinopathies. These data support the hypothesis that there are neuropathologic signatures of cellular degeneration within neurocognitive networks for specific protienopathies. These distinctive patterns of cellular pathology can guide future efforts to develop tissue-sensitive imaging and biological markers with diagnostic and prognostic utility for FTLD. Moreover, our novel computational approach can be used in future work to model various neurodegenerative disorders with mixed proteinopathy within the human brain connectome.     

脂褐素成分A2E诱导人视网膜色素上皮细胞自噬及损伤的研究

目的 探讨N-亚视黄基-N-视黄基-乙醇胺(A2 E)能否诱导人视网膜色素上皮细胞(ARPE-19细胞)的自噬及损伤反应,并从自噬的角度探索其与年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)发病相关的分子机制.方法 CCK-8法筛选A2E作用于ARPE-19细胞的最佳浓度用于后续实验.采用多重细胞因子检测技术检测A2E作用于ARPE-1...     

自噬在张力诱导终板软骨细胞退变过程中的变化

 目的 探讨自噬在张力诱导终板软骨细胞退变过程中的变化及作用。方法 取10只清洁级SD大鼠腰椎终板软骨进行细胞培养。对P1代终板软骨细胞分别加载间歇循环张力（10%伸长率,0.5 Hz）0 h、3 h、12 h、24 h、48 h。以倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态学变化,实时PCR与蛋白印迹法检测软骨标志基因Ⅱ型胶原、转录因子SOX-9及蛋白多糖转录因子、Beclin-1和LC3基因表达的变化,以单丹磺酰戊二胺染色观察自噬小体。MTT（3-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐染色）法检测3-甲基腺嘌呤（自噬抑制剂）刺激前后的细胞存活率。结果 间歇循环张力诱导后0 h组与3 h组为正常终板软骨细胞形态,呈多角形;12 h组略呈不规则形;24 h组和48 h组呈梭形改变。实时PCR显示24 h组和48 h组中Ⅱ型胶原、转录因子SOX-9及蛋白多糖的表达量降低;自噬相关基因LC3和Beclin-1表达量呈时间依赖性增加。单丹磺酰戊二胺染色显示24 h组和48 h组自噬发生率呈时间依赖性增加。MTT结果显示细胞存活率呈降低趋势;添加3-甲基腺嘌呤刺激后细胞活性减弱、存活率降低。结论 间歇循环张力刺激下终板软骨细胞表型逐渐丧失;自噬相关基因LC3与Beclin-1表达明显上调,但细胞活性降低;抑制自噬水平可降低细胞存活率,提示自噬参与了间歇循环张力诱导的终板软骨细胞退变过程。