我国普及初级心肺复苏术（C PR）的倡议

初级心肺复苏术是针对呼吸心跳骤停的病人所采取的一种紧急抢救措施,不言而喻其关乎我们每个公民的生命.本文先给出心肺复苏术的概念,紧接着从各个方面剖析论述我国心肺复苏术的现状并给出对比资料和调研数据进一步为我们敲响了警钟,然后引出普及心肺复苏术这个主题并强调其必要性和可行性,同时唤醒了人们沉睡的意识,最后详细具体的给出各种改变我们落后现状实现普及心肺复苏术这个目标的措施.     

Effects of simplifying choice tasks on estimates of taste heterogeneity in stated-choice surveys

Researchers usually employ orthogonal arrays or D-optimal designs with little or no attribute overlap in stated-choice surveys. The challenge is to balance statistical efficiency and respondent burden to minimize the overall error in the survey responses. This study examined whether simplifying the choice task, by using a design with more overlap, provides advantages over standard minimum-overlap methods. We administered two designs for eliciting HIV test preferences to split samples. Surveys were undertaken at four HIV testing locations in San Francisco, California. Personal characteristics had different effects on willingness to pay for the two treatments, and gains in statistical efficiency in the minimal-overlap version more than compensated for possible imprecision from increased measurement error.     

Immunological outcomes of exercise in older adults

Aging is associated with a dysregulation of the immune system known as immunosenescence. Immunosenescence involves cellular and molecular alterations that impact both innate and adaptive immunity, leading to increased incidences of infectious disease morbidity and mortality as well as heightened rates of other immune disorders such as autoimmunity, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. While current data suggests physical activity may be an effective and logistically easy strategy for counteracting immunosenescence, it is currently underutilized in clinical settings. Long-term, moderate physical activity interventions in geriatric populations appear to be associated with several benefits including reduction in infectious disease risk, increased rates of vaccine efficacy, and improvements in both physical and psychosocial aspects of daily living. Exercise may also represent a viable therapy in patients for whom pharmacological treatment is unavailable, ineffective, or inappropriate. The effects of exercise impact multiple aspects of immune response including T cell phenotype and proliferation, antibody response to vaccination, and cytokine production. However, an underlying mechanism by which exercise affects numerous cell types and responses remains to be identified. Given this evidence, an increase in the use of physical activity programs by the healthcare community may result in improved health of geriatric populations.     

急性低氧运动对血液流变性和红细胞形态的影响及电解质饮料的干预效果

目的:探讨急性低氧运动对血液流变性和红细胞形态的影响以及补充电解质饮料的干预效果。方法:受试者为8名健康成年男性,均进行两次实验。第1次为急性低氧运动加补充电解质饮料(运动前和运动中)实验,第2次为急性低氧运动不补充任何液体实验,两次实验间隔1周。受试者以70%最大摄氧量(VO2max)强度在低氧环境(O2浓度为15.5%,环境温度为20℃,湿度为55%)下进行1小时的功率自行车运动。分别测定受试者运动前、后的血液流变学指标并观察其红细胞形态的变化。结果:不补液情况下,受试者运动后的血液粘度、红细胞压积及红细胞刚性指数显著增加(P<0.01)。红细胞形态由双凹圆盘形变为一面凸、一面凹的草帽形。运动前和运动中补充电解质饮料,受试者运动后的各项血液流变学指标与运动前相比变化均不显著(P>0.05),且运动后红细胞形态未见明显变化。结论:运动前和运动中补充电解质饮料可缓解急性低氧运动对机体血液流变性产生的不良影响。     

慢性应激对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的效应及与焦虑行为的关系

目的探讨慢性精神应激对血管平滑肌细胞的影响及与焦虑行为的关系。方法将38只SD大鼠按照随机数字表随机分为精神应激组(30只)和对照组(8只)。对应激组采用限制应激和饮水冲突应激,持续2个月;分别于应激前、应激后1,2个月用空场实验和高架十字迷宫实验观察大鼠焦虑水平,计算出中央格爬行次数、外周格爬行次数、开放臂进入次数及停留时间、闭合臂进入次数及停留时间。以免疫组化方法测定主动脉血管局部增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达,并用苏木素-伊红染色法观察主动脉结构变化。结果(1)与对照组比较,应激1个月后,应激组大鼠在开放臂的次数和时间、闭合臂的次数少(P<0·05),闭合臂的时间多(均P<0·01);应激2个月后,应激组大鼠在外周格爬行的个数和闭合臂时间多(P<0·01),开放臂时间少(P<0·01)。(2)应激组大鼠主动脉失去原有的正常结构,中层血管平滑肌细胞排列紊乱,数目增多。(3)应激组大鼠血管壁PCNA表达的阳性细胞数为(16485±10694)个/MM2,对照组大鼠为(4012±2256)个/MM2,T=4·359,P<0·01。(4)中度焦虑组大鼠PCNA表达与大鼠焦虑呈正相关(PEARSON相关系数为0·718,P=0·004)。结论大鼠中度焦虑时,其血管平滑肌细胞增殖率与焦虑情绪呈正相关。     

21 d-6°头低位卧床期间运动训练对动态姿态平衡的影响

目的探讨21 d-6°头低位卧床和卧床运动训练对动态姿态平衡和控制功能的影响. 方法 10名健康男性青年被试者分为卧床对照组和卧床训练组,每组5人,卧床期间训练组每天进行2次、每次30 min逐级增加负荷的头低位功率自行车训练;分别于卧床前和卧床后21 d进行了动态姿态平衡和双膝等速肌力的测试. 结果与卧床前相比,对照组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显降低,双膝相对峰力矩明显降低,同时伴有腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值的明显增加;训练组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显高于对照组,而腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值无明显改变. 结论 21 d-6°头低位卧床运动训练能够明显改善卧床后动态姿态平衡及其动态运动适应功能.     

A quantitative analysis of valgus torque on the ACL: a human cadaveric study.

The loads needed to elicit a positive pivot shift test in a knee with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture have not been quantified. The coupled anterior tibial translation (ATT), coupled internal tibial rotation (ITR), and the in situ force in the ACL in response to a valgus torque, an inherent component of the pivot shift test, were measured in 10 human cadaveric knee specimens. Using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system, valgus torques ranging from 0.0 to 10.0 Nm were applied in nine increments on the intact and ACL-deficient knee in flexion ranging from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. At 15 degrees of knee flexion, the coupled ATT and ITR were significantly increased in the ACL-deficient knee when compared to the intact knee. Coupled ATT increased a maximum of 291% (6.7 mm, p<0.05), while coupled ITR increased a maximum of 85% (5.1 degrees, p<0.05). At 30 degrees, the increases in coupled ATT and ITR were significant at valgus loads of 3.3 Nm and greater with a maximum increase in coupled ATT of 137% (6.3 mm, p<0.05) and a maximum increase in coupled ITR of 38% (3.6 degrees, p<0.05). At 45 degrees, coupled ATT increased significantly (maximum of 69%, 4.4 mm, p<0.05), but only at torques > or =6.7 Nm. The in situ force in the ACL was less than 20 N for all flexion angles when a torque between 3.3 and 5.0 Nm was applied. Low valgus torque elicited tibial subluxation in the ACL-deficient knee with low in situ ACL forces, similar to a positive pivot shift test. Thus, application of a valgus torque may be suitable to evaluate ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed knees, since subluxation can be achieved with minimal harm to the ACL graft. This work is important in understanding one load component needed for the pivot shift examination; further studies quantifying other load components are essential for better comprehension of the in vivo pivot shift examination.     

红景天等药物对提高运动员耐力的研究

为探讨中草药恢复运动疲劳和提高运动员耐力的可能性，观察了红景天、万寿灵、鹿尾精和红景天复方对提高耐力项目运动员体能的影响。被试者为耐力项目男女运动员３０名，随机分成４组，分别服用红景天、万寿灵、鹿尾精和红景天复方，服药７５ｄ。服药前后运动员跑台做功至最大负荷量时，即刻采取静脉血、测血色素、肌酸磷酸激酶、总蛋白，结果表明：红景天和万寿灵确有适应原样性作用，能恢复运动疲劳和提高运动成绩。     

Changes in muscle morphology in dialysis patients after 6 months of aerobic exercise training.

BACKGROUND: In the present study we investigated the effect of a 6-month aerobic exercise programme on the morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. METHODS: Twenty-four ESRD patients volunteered to participate in the training programme and underwent muscle biopsy before training. Eighteen patients completed the training programme of whom nine agreed to a post-training biopsy (one woman and eight men, mean age 56 +/- 15 years). Data are presented for the nine subjects who were biopsied before (PRE) and after training (POST) and separately for the 15 subjects for whom we only have a biopsy before training (cross-sectional group). RESULTS: There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in fibre type distribution or myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression between the cross-sectional and PRE/POST groups. The mean cross-section fibre area after training (POST) increased by 46% compared with the PRE training status (P < 0.01). The proportion of atrophic fibres decreased significantly after training in type I, IIa and IIx fibre populations (from 51 to 15%, 58 to 21% and 62 to 32%, respectively). Significant differences were also found in capillary contact per fibre (CC/F), with the muscle having 24% (P < 0.05) more CC/F compared with the PRE training status. No significant differences in cytochrome c oxidase concentration were found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, exercise appeared to be beneficial in renal rehabilitation by correcting the fibre atrophy, increasing the cross-section fibre area and improving the capillarization in the skeletal muscle of renal failure patients.