Enhanced biocompatibility and antibacterial property of polyurethane materials modified with citric acid and chitosan

Citric acid (CA) and chitosan (CS) were covalently immobilized on polyurethane (PU) materials to improve the biocompatibility and antibacterial property. The polyurethane pre-polymer with isocyanate group was synthesized by one pot method, and then grafted with citric acid, followed by blending with polyethersulfone (PES) to prepare the blend membrane by phase-inversion method so that chitosan can be grafted from the membrane via esterification and acylation reactions eventually. The native and modified membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurement, and tensile strength test. Protein adsorption, platelet adhesion, hemolysis assay, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, and adsorption of Ca²⁺ were executed to evaluate the blood compatibility of the membranes decorated by CA and CS. Particularly, the antibacterial activities on the modified membranes were evaluated based on a vitro antibacterial test. It could be concluded that the modified membrane had good anticoagulant property and antibacterial property.     

The intraocular staining potential of anthocyanins and their retinal biocompatibility: a preclinical study

Purpose: To perform preclinical studies to determine the efficacy and safety of anthocyanins as stains for the internal limiting membrane (ILM) of the eye.

Materials and methods: Cyanidin (Cya), delphinidin (Del), luteolinidin (Lut), peonidin (Peo) and pelargonidin (Pel) were evaluated. These natural dyes were used to stain the lens capsule and ILM of pig eyes. The effects of these dyes on retinal cell viability was determined using a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay, and oxidative stress was measured in vitro. Histopathology, in situ TUNEL labelling, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and electroretinography (ERG) were performed on rats following the intravitreal and subretinal injection of the neuroprotective dyes.

Results: All anthocyanins stained the lens capsule and ILM of the pigs at a concentration of 1?mg/ml. Del, Lut and Peo were non-toxic and produced survival rates in the ARPE19 and RGC5 cells that were similar to those in control cells. We treated eyes with H₂O₂ and three dyes (Del, Lut, and Peo) to explore the possible neuroprotective effects and observed significantly higher survival rates in the ARPE19 cells treated with Del, Lut or Peo and the RGC5 cells treated with Lut or Peo than those in the control cells. Three dyes were intravitreally and subretinally injected into rats in vivo, and the histology showed mildly disorganized retinal cell layers. TUNEL staining and TEM examinations did not reveal additional toxic effects. Rat ERGs were not altered after intravitreal injections.

Conclusions: This preclinical study, Del, Lut, and Peo show potential as staining agents and warrant further investigation as vital dyes.     

Surface Modifications of Titanium Aluminium Vanadium Improve Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Differentiation Potential

Osteogenic cells are strongly influenced in their behaviour by the surface properties of orthopaedic implant materials. Mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs) migrate to the bone–implant interface, adhere to the material surface, proliferate and subsequently differentiate into osteoblasts, which are responsible for the formation of the bone matrix. Five surface topographies on titanium aluminium vanadium (TiAl₆V₄) were engineered to investigate biocompatibility and adhesion potential of human osteoblasts and the changes in osteogenic differentiation of MSPCs. Elemental analysis of TiAl₆V₄ discs coated with titanium nitride (TiN), silver (Ag), roughened surface, and pure titanium (cpTi) surface was analysed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro cell viability, cytotoxicity, adhesion behaviour, and osteogenic differentiation potential were measured via CellTiter-Glo, CytoTox, ELISA, Luminex^® technology, and RT-PCR respectively. The Ag coating reduced the growth of osteoblasts, whereas the viability of MSPCs increased significantly. The roughened and the cpTi surface improved the viability of all cell types. The additive coatings of the TiAl₆V₄ alloy improved the adhesion of osteoblasts and MSPCs. With regard to the osteogenic differentiation potential, an enhanced effect has been demonstrated, especially in the case of roughened and cpTi coatings.     

植入材料及其生物相容性评价的研究进展

随着现代材料科学、生命科学以及医学科学的发展,植入材料在临床医学领域的应用日趋广泛,对其进行合理的临床前生物相容性评价是确保人体安全应用的前提。本文将就植入材料的进展及其生物相容性评价的特点、研究现状及发展趋势作简要评述。     

新短肽P17-骨形态发生蛋白2/胶原基质矿化磷灰石材料生物活性的评价

文题释义：胶原基质矿化磷灰石：具有良好的生物相容性,不产生排斥反应,降解速度与成骨的速度相适应,其降解不会影响周围环境的pH值。该材料在微米尺度上具有互联孔洞结构,孔隙尺寸为100-500 µm,孔隙率为70%-90%,结构和成分与自体骨相似,能够更好的诱导自体骨生长,具有良好的骨修复作用,其机械耐受性、可塑性、强度接近松质骨。 新短肽P17-骨形态发生蛋白2：通过FMOC/tBu固相多肽合成法合成的具有17个氨基酸的新型活性短肽中包含磷酸化的丝氨酸及天冬氨酸,能够极好地模拟天然骨基质的促发及指导矿化的功能,在局部形成偏酸环境,促进局部的钙磷沉积、成核和生物自组装矿化。短链多肽活性位点能充分暴露并与细胞表面受体结合,生物活性更强。 背景：胶原基质矿化磷灰石材料具有仿生的化学组成及良好的生物学性能,已被用于某些骨缺损修复;新短肽P17-骨形态发生蛋白2具有良好的生物相容性和成骨诱导生物活性,因此将新短肽P17-骨形态发生蛋白2与胶原基质矿化磷灰石材料制备成复合支架材料可望提升骨修复效率和效果。 目的：探讨新型P17-骨形态发生蛋白2/胶原基质矿化磷灰石复合材料的生物活性。 方法：将兔骨髓间充质干细胞分别接种于新型P17-骨形态发生蛋白2/胶原基质矿化磷灰石复合材料与胶原基质矿化磷灰石材料上,培养3,7 d后,利用RT-PCR检测细胞碱性磷酸酶 mRNA相对表达。将新型P17-骨形态发生蛋白2/胶原基质矿化磷灰石复合材料(实验组)与胶原基质矿化磷灰石材料(对照组)分别埋置于SD大鼠皮下,植入12,35 d后进行Masson染色后组织学分析。将新型P17-骨形态发生蛋白2/胶原基质矿化磷灰石复合材料(实验组)与胶原基质矿化磷灰石材料(对照组)分别植入日本大耳白兔下颌骨箱状缺损处,植入5,15周后进行大体与X射线检查。实验经中国医科大学附属口腔医院伦理委员会批准。 结果与结论：①复合材料组培养7 d的碱性磷酸酶mRNA表达高于胶原基质矿化磷灰石组(P < 0.05);②皮下埋植实验显示两组材料和组织界面均未引起明显的急性炎症反应,植入后35 d实验组可见更多的纤维细胞与材料嵌合;③骨缺损修复实验中,大体观察显示两种材料均具有良好的骨修复能力,植入5周时缺损区已有缩小趋势,植入15周缺损表面比较平整;X射线检查显示与对照组相比,实验组缺损区缩小趋势更明显;④结果表明,新型P17-骨形态发生蛋白2/胶原基质矿化磷灰石复合支架材料具有比胶原基质矿化磷灰石更为优良的生物活性与骨缺损修复能力。 ORCID: 0000-0002-1196-5954(张雪) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架有良好的细胞相容性与渗透性

文题释义：丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架：将壳聚糖溶于浓度为1%的冰乙酸,制备成质量浓度为35 g/L的壳聚糖溶液并与丝素蛋白溶液融合,将素蛋白与羧化壳聚糖按照体积比8∶2的比例混合,再将混合溶液注入48孔板中,每孔注入1 mL,最后通过冷冻干燥得到丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架。 热重分析：是指在程序控制温度下测量待测样品的质量与温度变化关系的一种热分析技术,用来研究材料的热稳定性和组分。实验中将10 mg待检验的样品放于氮气环境下进行检测,测试温度升高控制范围为30-800 ℃,温度上升速度为10 ℃/min。 背景：丝素蛋白与壳聚糖为组织工程常用的支架材料,但二者单独应用均存在一定的不足,将两者混合使用可以互为改性,充分发挥优点,获取理想的复合支架材料。 目的：制备丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架并对其进行性能测定。 方法：通过冷冻干燥方法制备丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架,采用电镜扫描检测复合支架的形态结构,并进行热重分析、力学性能及细胞毒性检测。制备季铵化壳聚糖,利用核磁共振仪表征其核磁氢谱,Zeta电位仪检测其电位和粒径分布,凝胶电泳实验检测其保护DNA的情况,透射电镜观察其与DNA结合情况。 结果与结论：①扫描电镜显示丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架具体良好的三维孔洞结构,孔径为50-100 μm;②热重分析显示当温度小于200 ℃时,丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架的质量损失下降速度较低;当温度上升至200-500 ℃时,支架质量损失速度开始加快,损失量增多;在800 ℃时,复合支架的残余质量为38%;③丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架的最大应变可以达到94.94%,最大承受应力为7.01 MPa;④CCK-8实验显示,丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架对兔骨髓间充质干细胞没有细胞毒性,具有良好的细胞相容性;⑤核磁氢谱检测显示,季铵化壳聚糖的季铵化程度约为20%;⑥季铵化壳聚糖的粒径分布为(588.56±52.39) nm,季铵化壳聚糖颗粒的表面带正电荷,电位为(16.3±3.92) mV,有利于与DNA结合;⑦凝胶电泳实验显示,季铵化壳聚糖材料的比例越高,对DNA的包裹越好,当其与DNA的比例为1∶3时,对DNA达到包裹作用;⑧透射电镜显示,季铵化壳聚糖/DNA大部分的微粒呈实心圆形,微粒粒径差别较小,平均粒径约为200 nm;⑨结果表明,丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合支架有良好的细胞相容性与细胞渗透性,利于细胞在支架间的生长。 ORCID: 0000-0002-2572-0229(章晓云) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

Cytotoxicity evaluation of zinc oxide-eugenol and non-eugenol cements using different fibroblast cell lines

Objectives: Despite being commonly used as temporary cements in dentistry, there is a lack of studies regarding the cytotoxicity of zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) and zinc oxide non-eugenol (ZONE) cements. In addition, cytotoxicity evaluation of the materials often involves animal-based cells. Therefore, in this study, a cytotoxicity evaluation of commercially available ZOE and ZONE cements was carried out using both animal and human-based cells. Materials and methods. The extraction or dilution of the extraction from four commercially available cements (two zinc oxide-eugenol and two zinc oxide non-eugenol) was tested for cytotoxicity, using three different cells and a water-soluble treatzolium salt assay. The results were confirmed using a confocal laser microscope following calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining. Results. The results showed that there was a significant difference in cell viability depending on which cell was used, even when the same material was tested. Generally, L929 showed relatively low cell viability with a low EC50 (effective concentration of extracts that caused 50% of cell viability compared to the control) value compared to both HGF-1 and hTERT-hNOF. Such results were also confirmed by a confocal laser microscope. Conclusions. Careful consideration on interpreting the results for cytotoxicity evaluation of ZOE and ZONE cements is needed when different cells are used.