Students' acceptance of clinical xenotransplantation

The aim of this study was to elucidate undergraduate university students' views on clinical xenotransplantation. A total of 1875 students from eight faculties at Uppsala University and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences answered a questionnaire. Three out of four respondents would be prepared to receive a transplant from an animal on medical grounds if necessary. Forty percent had signed an organ donation card. There was no difference in attitude between those who had signed an allotransplantion card and those who had not. According to gender, age, length of university program, and faculty, results showed that a higher proportion of those who approved were male, young, and studying on programs longer than three years; also, they were more likely to study programs in the Faculties of Agriculture and Pharmacy. At the Medical Faculty, nursing students seemed to be less approving, compared to future biomedical analysts, biomedical scientists, and physicians. The acceptance of xenotransplantation also tended to be positively associated with morally accepting and understanding the use of animals in biomedical research, the approval of euthanasia, the approval of early abortion, and the use of human fetuses in research, as well as clinical testing of humans.     

太原市某小学学生健康生活方式知识·态度·行为

目的了解小学生与健康生活方式有关的知识、态度、行为现况,为相应的干预研究提供科学依据.方法采用问卷调查法对太原市桃园小学三～五年级824名学生进行调查.结果健康生活方式知识(48.35分)、态度(18.52分)、行为(59.58分)问卷得分小学生均未达到及格水平,且男生在知识方面的得分显著高于女生(P＜0.05);三、五年级小学生的知识得分显著高于四年级(P值均＜0.05),三、四年级小学生的态度得分显著高于五年级(P值均＜0.05).结论对小学生进行健康生活方式的教育干预不仅必要,而且迫切.     

营养教育对幼儿家长营养知识·态度·行为的影响

目的了解营养教育对合肥市幼儿家长营养知识、态度与行为的影响,以便为制定幼儿营养干预措施的制定提供科学依据.方法采取随机、分层、整群抽样的方法在合肥市选取8所幼儿园,随机分为干预组和对照组.在干预组幼儿园定期举办家长营养知识培训班,并将编写的幼儿营养知识手册分发给家长学习.采用自拟调查问卷对干预前、干预中期和终期幼儿家长营养知识、态度与行为进行调查.结果组间比较显示,干预组家长的营养知识水平明显提高,每周吃1～2次及以上水果、牛奶、鱼类的人数增加.自身对照研究显示,通过营养教育,干预组家长每周吃1～2次及以上杂粮、牛奶、水产品、海带和紫菜的人数增加,而吃畜肉、街头小吃、西餐的人数减少.无论是干预组还是对照组,家长对接受营养知识均持积极的态度.结论营养教育对家长的营养知识、态度和行为有积极的影响,可通过书籍、报刊、杂志、电视节目、专家义务讲座等途径进行.     

北京市小学生及其家长的肥胖相关知识·态度·行为

目的了解北京市小学生的营养状况及肥胖相关知识、态度、行为现状,并研究其与家长相关知识、态度、行为间的关系,为防制青少年学生肥胖健康教育提供依据.方法整群抽取北京市4所小学三、四年级全体学生,采用问卷调查法调查学生及其家长各2 020名.结果北京市小学生肥胖相关知识掌握较好的学生占0.73%,正确态度持有率为56.75%,良好行为形成率为11.27%.家长的态度与学生的态度及行为之间存在一定的关联性.结论通过健康教育,向学生及其家长传授正确的与肥胖相关的知识及控制肥胖的技能,转变他们错误态度和不良行为习惯,以促进学生营养状况的改善.     

Perspectives on colorectal cancer screening: a focus group study

Objective To assess attitudes and acceptability of Ontario consumers and doctors towards colorectal screening with faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and colonoscopy. Design, setting and participants Focus groups with gender‐specific samples of the population, high‐risk gastroenterology patients and family doctors. Method Semi‐structured interview guides used by facilitator to lead groups through knowledge of risk factors and prevention of colorectal cancer, the screening modalities, requirements for implementing screening programmes, barriers to screening and preferences towards screening. Main findings There were low levels of knowledge about colorectal cancer and its prevention in the general population. FOBT was an acceptable screening modality, but considerable education about its use and benefits would be necessary to implement a screening programme. Colonoscopy was not perceived to be a good choice for a primary screen in the general population. The high‐risk group supported use of FOBT in the general population and emphasized the need for education. The doctors were more reluctant about screening, requesting clear guidelines. They also identified the time and resources that would be required if a screening programme were initiated. Conclusion While colorectal screening is acceptable in this sample, information and decision aids are required to enable consumers and providers to make effective decisions. Implementation of colorectal screening programmes requires substantial educational efforts for both consumers and doctors.     

北京市城区小学生体形认知现状分析

目的了解北京市城区小学生体形认知现状,为制定儿童肥胖的干预措施提供科学依据。方法用2阶段随机整群抽样方法抽取4428名北京市城区小学生,其中男生2316名,女生2112名,年龄8～14岁。利用Ma体形图对儿童的体形现状进行研究,同时测量身高、体重等指标。结果调查对象的超重率和肥胖率分别为13.1%和14.4%。男、女生的理想体形评分均数分别为3.5和4.4,男生高于女生。男、女生的体形不满意度评分均数分别为1.0和1.3,女生对自己的体形更为不满。学生对体形的不满意度为肥胖组>超重组>非超重组,男生对标准身材男生和标准身材女生的评分高于女生。分别有6.6%和1.0%的儿童选择特别胖的体形作为自我体形认知和理想体形认知。结论北京市儿童的体形认知与西方的研究相似,但北京市儿童对肥胖更为宽容,需从儿童体形认知方面采取干预措施以防止儿童肥胖的流行。     

艾滋病流行地区儿童艾滋病相关知识态度行为调查

目的了解艾滋病流行地区儿童的艾滋病知识、态度和行为,对有关儿童权利的认知和一般卫生行为作出需求评估。方法选取皖北地区艾滋病高发的1个乡镇,采取分层整群抽样方法,随机选择7个村,对所有10~17岁儿童进行面对面访谈。结果在238名参加调查的儿童中,82.4%没有听说过儿童权利公约,都希望在村里建立儿童活动中心。有94.5%听说过艾滋病,正确回答80%及以上问题的比例为58.8%,男性低于女性(52.2%和67.3%,χ2=5.49,P=0.019)。儿童知道三大传播途径的顺序为血液>性>母婴(91.1%,86.5%和58.8%,χ2=84.14,P<0.001)。有22.3%的调查对象不希望艾滋病感染者继续住在村里,79.3%愿意继续同感染了艾滋病的朋友来往,97.3%的愿意照顾自己感染了艾滋病的家人。绝大多数认为儿童应该了解艾滋病(97.7%),愿意学习更多的艾滋病知识(96.4%)。结论艾滋病流行地区的儿童掌握了一定的艾滋病防治知识,并具备一定的有利于艾滋病防治的态度,但仍有待于提高;对艾滋病防治知识具有很高的主观需求。     

我国6城市中小学教职工烟草与健康的知信行调查

目的了解中小学教职工烟草与健康相关知识、信念及行为现状,为有效开展学校控烟健康教育提供依据。方法对北京、上海、天津、深圳、濮阳、长沙随机抽取的29所中小学教职工进行统一问卷调查。结果只有66.63%的教职工正确回答了10项及以上问题,但知晓烟草主要危害成分的教职工只有29.54%。教职工的正确信念持有率只有20.26%,50%左右的教职工认为“吸烟有助于社交”、“吸烟是个人自由,他人不应该干涉”。教职工吸烟率为14.81%,男教职工为47.39%;35岁及以上教职工、文化程度较低者以及中学教职工吸烟率显著较高。92.01%的教职工认为有必要在学校开展预防吸烟教育活动;55.46%的教职工认为在教学中结合有关吸烟与健康的内容存在困难,主要原因是由于缺乏材料或指导;仅有24.31%的授课教师在教学中提及烟草与健康相关内容。结论应对教师进行控烟知识科普教育和技能指导,改善学校的社会环境和人文环境。     

湖北省不同人群艾滋病相关知识、态度比较分析

目的评估城乡居民、大中学生预防艾滋病相关知识和态度等情况,为制定下一个艾滋病防治5年规划提供相关知识、态度、行为等方面指标的参考依据,并为今后更有针对性地开展艾滋病健康教育提供信息基础。方法分层抽样,自行设计调查问卷,对城乡居民和大中学生开展问卷调查。结果艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率较高,个别知识知晓率较低;4类人群艾滋病相关知识得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),艾滋病相关知识性题目总分10分,城市居民得分为8.0分、农村居民7.0分、中学生7.0分,大学生8.0分;4类人群对艾滋病感染者的态度不够宽容,知识和态度存在不一致的情况;年龄和文化程度是影响艾滋病相关知识掌握情况的两种因素。结论今后湖北省艾滋病健康教育应着重于传播目标人群知晓率较低的知识条目;广泛宣传关爱艾滋病患者的典型事例,扭转人们对艾滋病感染者的不正确态度;传播对象以农村居民和低文化程度者为重点。