颅面联合入路在颅底沟通性肿瘤中的应用

目的探讨颅面联合入路在颅底区沟通性肿瘤治疗中的方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析我院44例经颅面联合入路手术治疗颅底区沟通性肿瘤患者资料,经病理证实恶性肿瘤31例,良性肿瘤13例。位于前颅底区35例,累及前、中颅底区9例。肿瘤切除后造成的硬脑膜缺损用自体组织严密修补,并用额部带蒂复合组织瓣行颅底区组织缺损修复。结果肿瘤全切38例,次全切除3例,部分切除3例,无手术死亡病例。并发症包括脑神经损伤3例,伤口感染2例,出现暂时性脑脊液漏2例,一过性精神症状2例。随访1~6年,10例死于肿瘤复发,失访2例。存活2年以上25例,3年以上17例。结论颅面联合入路是颅底区沟通性肿瘤外科治疗的主要手术入路之一,它是前颅底区(部分可以累及中颅底区)沟通性肿瘤较好的手术入路。     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术

目的探讨经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的方法技巧和疗效。方法32例垂体腺瘤患者,包括微腺瘤6例,大腺瘤17例,巨大腺瘤9例,均经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗。回顾性总结其临床疗效和手术经验。结果完全切除27例,大部切除2例,部分切除2例,仅进行活检1例。结论经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

Some considerations on middle ear cholesteatoma in ‘foreign workers’*

The treatment of cholesteatoma in patients without a permanent residence or in medically underdeveloped countries presents a serious problem in middle ear surgery. Methods which erradicate disease safely and reduce the risk of recurrence to a minimum are necessary. We differentiate 3 clinical types of cholesteatoma: 1 Retraction of Shrapnell's membrane or in the postero-superior quadrant with very little cholesteatoma lateral to the ossicles. A transcanal technique is used to evert the cholesteatomatous pocket into the meatus intact, followed by reconstruction of the outer attic wall. 2 Circumscribed cholestatoma lateral and often also medial to the ossicles. Combined approach tympanoplasty is used in such cases. 3 Marginal perforations with large cholesteatomas, situated medial to the ossicular chain. For these ears, classical radical mastoidectomy is the method of choice. (Radical mastoidectomy also has to be performed in all cases of type II, where luxation of the matrix in toto has failed.) Results: No recurrence has been detected in cases where follow-up was possible.     

A rapid and highly effective approach for SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid daily testing in more than four thousand single‐tube samples

BackgroundPresently, the global spread of COVID‐19 is still going on, with more than 0.6 million new cases confirmed per day (as of November 20, 2021). However, since China entered a post‐epidemic phase in mid‐March 2020, the daily number of new domestic infections in the Chinese mainland has been maintained at almost zero or single digits, which was attributed to a series of effective measures for COVID‐19 prevention and control adopted by the Chinese government. Among these measures, SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid testing holds key role for the timely confirmation and isolation of the infections to prevent further transmission.MethodsReferring to the national policy requirements, since April 30, 2020, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University has conducted SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid testing in its PCR laboratory for patients and social workers, as well as for environmental monitoring and employee screening. As of mid‐November 2020, the daily amount of single‐tube samples for nucleic acid testing rose above 4,000.ResultsIn this article, a rapid and highly effective approach for SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid daily testing is presented, allowing five technicians to complete nucleic acid testing in 6,500 single‐tube samples in one day with a high level of quality. Using this approach, since the samples entered the PCR laboratory, all testing results were reported in 2.5–3 h with satisfactory quality control and precise reporting criterion as prerequisites.ConclusionThis testing approach provides a referable workflow for other testing institutions and is expected to play an important role in COVID‐19 prevention and control.     

破裂动脉瘤早期显微手术结合抗血管痉挛药物治疗的疗效分析

目的 总结动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血早期(3 d内)显微手术结合抗痉挛药物治疗的效果和经验,探讨及评估早期手术治疗的方法 和价值.方法 经脑血管造影(DSA)及CT血管成像(CTA)确定动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的患者共127例,行早期显微手术夹闭动脉瘤,结合抗痉挛药物治疗,分析其临床表现,影像学特点,早期手术治疗的手术入路选择、术中操作方法 和技巧及药物对症治疗等综合处理后的疗效、经验和体会.结果 127例病人术中探查均见蛛网膜下腔出血及脑血管痉挛、破裂动脉瘤周围有机化血凝块,在分离瘤颈中有21例动脉瘤破裂出血;按格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS),术后治愈或好转109例,其中术后有一过性偏瘫或原有偏瘫加重23例、其中出院时明显好转18例,轻度残废9例,重度残废6例,死亡3例.结论 早期手术能有效防止动脉瘤再次破裂出血、降低死亡率、减轻血管痉挛发生率及后续损害,血管痉挛发生仍是早期动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血的严重并发症,抗痉挛药物术中、后的恰当使用,对预防脑血管痉挛及保护脑功能等方面能起到较好的疗效.     

I期单侧后入路保留椎板切除上颈椎神经鞘膜瘤的解剖学特点及疗效分析

目的　评价I期一侧后入路保留椎板切除C1/2神经鞘膜瘤的解剖学特点及疗效。 方法　2009年1月至2014年1月对符合以下手术指征患者行I期单侧后入路保留椎板切除C1/2神经鞘膜瘤：（1）硬膜外占位;（2）经C1/2椎板间隙偏一侧向外生长;（3）具备神经鞘膜瘤影像学特征。共收治该类患者9例（男5例,女4例,平均年龄47.2岁,25至74岁）。收集颈椎JOA评分、术后轴性痛发生率、影像学特点、手术时间、出血量、并发症、末次随访颈椎侧位片寰齿前间隙等临床资料,经随访后予以分析总结。 结果　9例病例均得以随访,随访时间6至48个月,平均20个月。未出现复发病例,未出现颈椎失稳以及术后轴性疼痛病例,末次随访寰齿前间隙均小于2 mm。有神经功能损害的8例患者术前JOA评分(11.3±1.64),末次随访JOA评分(15.4±0.70),差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　术前通过MRI判断上颈椎肿瘤类型,对符合手术指征的患者行I期单侧后入路保留椎板切除上颈椎神经鞘膜瘤,术后疗效确切,可避免术后轴性痛,预后良好。     

Preoperative navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and tractography in transparietal approach to the trigone of the lateral ventricle

ObjectiveEloquent neural structures including white matter tracts surround the trigone of the lateral ventricle. Surgical resection of trigonal tumors via the transparietal approach may cause neurological deterioration depending on the trajectory.MethodsThe authors retrospectively reviewed patients with trigonal tumors that underwent combined preoperative navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and optic radiation tractography to guide a transparietal approach towards the trigone.ResultsFive patients underwent preoperative nTMS motor mapping, rTMS language mapping, nTMS-derived corticospinal tract tractography, and optic radiation tractography. The information was used to select the optimal trajectory for a transparietal approach and for intraoperative neuronavigation. Four patients underwent surgical resection. None of them experienced a new permanent deficit.ConclusionCombination of preoperative nTMS and optic radiation tractography facilitates the identification of the optimal parietal trajectory towards the trigone. It allows for sparing of visual and motor pathways as well as cortical language areas.     

应用改良的枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除大型岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的介绍应用改良的枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法和经验。方法枕下乙状窦后骨窗形成后,注意将横窦、乙状窦轮廓。切开硬膜后充分向外侧和向上牵开。通过颅神经间隙完成肿瘤的内减压后,分离肿瘤与颅神经及脑干的粘连并分块切除。如果肿瘤向中颅凹延伸,可切开部分天幕后向上切除肿瘤。如果肿瘤向枕骨大孔延伸,可将乙状窦后入路与枕下远外侧入路结合起来加以切除。对于MRI显示具有侵袭性特征,侵犯海绵窦或脑干的肿瘤,不应追求肿瘤的全切除,“脑干减压”成为手术的主要目标。结果肿瘤全切除9例(60%)。手术后新增颅神经损害6例(40%)。半年随访恢复良好者13例(86.6%)。结论应用简单的枕下乙状窦后入路,结合一些新的技术改良处理大型岩斜区脑膜瘤,可获得满意的手术疗效。     

Managing chronic pain in elderly patients requires a CHANGE of approach

In many countries, the number of elderly people has increased rapidly in recent years and this is expected to continue; it has been predicted that almost a quarter of the population in the European Union will be over 65 years of age in 2035. Many elderly people suffer from chronic pain but it is regularly under-treated, partly because managing these patients is often complex. This paper outlines the extent of untreated pain in this population and the consequent reduction in quality of life, before articulating the reasons why it is poorly or inaccurately diagnosed. These include the patient’s unwillingness to complain, atypical pain presentations, multiple morbidities and cognitive decline. Successful pain management depends upon accurate diagnosis, which is based upon a complete history and thorough physical examination, as well as an assessment of psychosocial functioning. Poor physician/patient communication can be improved by using standardized instruments to establish individual treatment targets and measure progress towards them. User-friendly observational instruments may be valuable for patients with dementia. In line with the widely accepted biopsychosocial model of pain, a multidisciplinary approach to pain management is recommended, with pharmacotherapy, psychological support, physical rehabilitation and interventional procedures available if required. Declining organ function and other physiological changes require lower initial doses of analgesics and less frequent dosing intervals, and the physician must be aware of all medications that the patient is taking, in order to avoid drug/drug interactions. Non-adherence to treatment is common, and various strategies can be employed to improve it; involving the elderly patient’s caregivers and family, using medication systems such as pill-boxes, or even sending text messages. In the long term, the teaching of pain medicine needs to be improved – particularly in the use of opioids – both at undergraduate level and after qualification.     

平板运动试验诱发宽QRS心动过速的鉴别诊断

目的 了解Vereckei法新四步流程图对宽QRS心动过速(WQRST)的鉴别诊断价值.方法 选择在心电图平板运动试验(ETT)过程中诱发WQRST的受检者27例,应用Vereckei法新四步流程图鉴别诊断WQRST.结果 Vereckei法新四步流程图诊断WQRST的符合率为92.6%,误诊率为7.4%.受检者ETT诱发的WQRST均自行终止,未致严重后果.4例ETT阳性的缺血性室性心动过速(VT)患者和1例ETT阳性的缺血性室上性心动过速(SVT)伴束支传导阻滞者,经积极救治均痊愈出院.结论 Vereckei法新四步流程图对ETT诱发的WQRST有鉴别诊断的价值,有助于及时正确识别VT和SVT,对疾病的治疗和预后有积极的作用.