Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: The transvaginal route moving forward from cholecystectomy

The advent of minimally invasive surgery and the advances in endoluminal flexible endoscopy have converged to generate a new concept in digestive surgery, whose acronym natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), has become a familiar term in the surgical community. NOTES has been performed through the mouth, the bladder, the rectum and the vagina. Of these four approaches, the vagina has gained most popularity for several reasons. It is not only readily accessible and easy to decontaminate but it also provides safe entry and simple closure. The transvaginal approach has been described in the experimental and the clinical setting as an option for cholecystectomy, nephrectomy, splenectomy, segmental gastrectomy, retroperitoneal exploration and bariatric surgery. However, larger series are needed to delineate the exact risks of this approach, and to transcend cultural barriers that impede its wider introduction. Prospective randomized trials will shed light on the definitive role of the vaginal approach in minimal invasive surgery of the future.     

How to Apply the Experience from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial to Children and Adolescents?

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) taught us to set target blood glucose (BG) and glycohaemoglobin (GHb) goals, to ensure safety regarding hypogly-caemia, to be flexible with insulin and meal planning and to offer frequent contact with diabetes educators, dieticians, psychologists and social workers as well as with diabe-tologists skilled in intensified management. Insulin dosage should be individualized based upon frequent BG monitoring results. Co-ordinated multidisciplinary health care teams provide optimum problem-solving rather than disaster control working with children, adolescents and their families. The patient and the family should form the central core of the diabetes team with outpatient follow-up every month and frequent telephone contact between visits. GHb should be obtained at least every 1–2 months to provide feedback as based on the DCCT intensified treatment cohort. Insulin lispro helps minimize hypoglycaemia and makes insulin administration more convenient and timely. Barriers to improvement should be identified: learning problems, concomitant significant illnesses (epilepsy, coeliac and thyroid disease, asthma) and family problems. Ensure age-appropriate transfer of self-care but continue adult supervision. Educate, motivate and re-educate. Meal planning includes not only carbohydrate counting but also maintaining normal lipids and energy needs for growth and development as well as strategies for activity compensation and hypoglycaemia prevention. Consideration of protein restriction may be required in adolescents with microalbuminuria. Individualized multidose insulin algorithms allow reactive (corrective) decisions based upon capillary BG results plus proactive (anticipatory) decisions to compensate for expected BG changes from changes in activity, food and/or illness using a multidose insulin schedule. The number of insulin injections does not define an intensified insulin treatment programme but rather the ability to target and achieve near-normal BG values as often as possible - without severe episodes of hypoglycaemia. Self BG monitoring is a key to success. Long-term monitoring should include not only frequent GHb but also at least annual fasting lipids, thyroid functions and microalbuminuria as well as dilated retinal exams, blood pressure, growth charting and Tanner staging.     

Users' Perceptions of the Impact of Electronic Aids to Daily Living Throughout the Acquisition Process

This study investigated the experience of seven new users of a particular type of assistive technology through the stages of anticipating, acquiring, and using an electronic aid to daily living. A mixed methods research approach was used to explore each of these stages. The Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale was used to measure the perceived impact of the new assistive technology on users' quality of life, and findings were further explored and developed through open-ended questioning of the participants. Results indicated that preacquisition of the device, users predicted that the electronic aid to daily living would have a positive impact on their feelings of competence and confidence and that the device would enable them in a positive way. One month after acquiring the device a reduced, yet still positive, impact was observed. By 3 and 6 months after acquisition, perceived impact returned to the same positive high level as preacquisition. It is suggested that prior to receiving the device, potential users have positive expectations for the device that are not based in experience. At the early acquisition time, users adjust expectations of the role of the assistive technology in their lives and strive to balance expectations with reality. Three to 6 months after acquiring an electronic aid to daily living, the participants have a high positive view of how the device impacts on their lives based in experience and reality. A model illustrating the electronic aids to daily living acquisition process is proposed, and suggestions for future study are provided.     

Endoscopic thyroidectomy by a modified anterior chest approach: A single institution`s 5-year experience

Endoscopic thyroidectomy embodies the features of both minimally invasive surgery and aesthetic surgery. However, none of the established approaches is minimally invasive and meanwhile maximally cosmetic. Here we applied a modified anterior chest approach to achieve excellent cosmesis with reduced physical invasion. Fifty-six patients with benign thyroid diseases accepted this procedure. A 10mm longitudinal incision was made about one-fourth of the distance from the xiphoid to the sternal notch. Bilateral transversal incisions (5mm and 10mm) were performed about one-third of the distance from the nipple to the sternoclavicular joint. The subfascial space was maintained with CO₂ insufflation. Endoscopic lobectomy or subtotal thyroidectomy was performed according to the diseases. Fifty-four of the 56 procedures were successfully performed endoscopically, including 41 unilateral lobectomies and 13 subtotal thyroidectomies. The mean operative time for uni- and bilateral procedures was 117.2 min and 184.5 min, respectively. Conversion occurred in two cases due to bleeding and malignant frozen section analysis, respectively. Postoperative complications included one temporary recurrent nerve palsy, one transient hypocalcemia, and one subcutaneous emphysema. 96.2%(50/52) of the patients were extremely satisfied or satisfied with the cosmetic effect. This procedure is more likely to be accepted by patients older than 30 years. Endoscopic thyroidectomy by the modified anterior chest approach is an effective procedure with both excellent aesthetic benefits and reduced physical injury.     

绕肝提拉法前入路肝切除术(附6例临床报告)

目的　绕肝提拉法 (liverhangingmaneuver)进一步提高前入路肝切除术 (anteriorapproach)的安全性。方法　钝性分离肝后下腔静脉前间隙而形成肝后隧道。通过该隧道安放绕肝带 ,前入路肝切除时拉紧绕肝带 ,配合自行设计的止血板 ,完成 6例复杂肝切除术。结果　 6例成功安放绕肝带 ,未发生与该操作有关的并发症 ,前入路肝切除时肝正中裂界面内管道显露清楚 ,绕肝带具有指示作用。结论　复杂肝切除时使用绕肝带和止血板 ,有助于提高前入路肝切除的安全性。保证断肝能在最短的界面上进行。     

后外侧联合内侧手术切口治疗三踝骨折的疗效分析

目的:探讨后外侧联合内侧入路手术治疗三踝骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2006年5月-2012年11月因三踝骨折来本院治疗者43例,手术均采用后外侧联合内侧入路切开复位钢板螺钉内固定,骨折端均未植骨。分析患者骨折愈合情况、内固定稳定性和美国足踝外科AOFAS评分。结果:所有患者均获得随访,随访时间10~21个月,平均15个月;所有患者均获得骨性愈合,愈合时间11~18周,平均13周;术后1例患者出现皮肤愈合不良、1例切口感染,保守治疗后好转,无内固定松动断裂等并发症;踝关节功能AOFAS评分(92.2±5.4)分。结论:采用后外侧联合内侧入路手术治疗三踝骨折,可以使踝关节尽量获得解剖复位,有利于早期功能锻炼,避免后期创伤性关节炎。     

Stoppa入路结合髂窝入路治疗髋臼前柱或双柱骨折患者的疗效评价

目的：探讨Stoppa入路结合髂窝入路治疗髋臼前柱或双柱骨折患者的疗效和安全性,为推广Stoppa入路结合髂窝入路治疗髋臼骨折患者提供科学依据。方法：选择髋臼前柱或双柱骨折患者63例,随机分为采用Stoppa入路结合髂窝入路治疗组（Stoppa组）32例和采用髂腹股沟入路治疗组（对照组）31例,评价2组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后骨折复位质量及术后髋关节功能等情况。结果：与对照组比较,Stoppa组患者术中出血量明显减少（P<0.05）,手术时间减少（P<0.05）,骨折复位质量优者所占比例高（P<0.05）,临床功能评分明显提高（P<0.05）。结论：Stoppa入路结合髂窝入路是治疗髋臼前柱或双柱骨折患者的一种有效方法,其具有手术视野显露充分、组织损伤小、手术时间短、失血量少、解剖复位率高和临床功能好等优势。     

单侧经椎体侧方后上角穿刺入路在经皮穿刺椎体成形术中的应用

目的探讨单侧经椎体侧方后上角穿刺入路在经皮穿刺椎体成形术中的应用。方法选取2014 年1 月-2016 年3 月针对伤椎椎弓根直径细小、椎弓根外展角度较小的老年性骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者18例,采用单侧经椎体侧方后上角穿刺入路行经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗,分别记录术前1 天,术后3 d、1 个月和3 个月的视觉模拟评分（VAS）及Oswestry 功能障碍指数（ODI）以评估治疗效果。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,骨水泥注入通道尖端可顺利到达椎体中线,椎体内骨水泥填充满意。无血管、神经损伤等严重并发症发生。术后患者疼痛症状均有减轻,随访3～12 个月,术后VAS 评分及ODI 值较术前均降低（P <0.05）。结论在伤椎椎弓根直径细小及椎弓根外展角度较小时,采用单侧经椎体侧方后上角穿刺入路行经皮穿刺椎体成形术可行、有效。     

漂浮体位下后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台双髁骨折疗效分析

目的 探讨漂浮体位下后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗累及后内侧髁胫骨平台双髁骨折的临床疗效。方法 收集累及后内侧髁的胫骨平台双髁骨折患者54例膝关节,均为单膝损伤,其中C1型13例,C2型17例,C3型24例。手术均采用漂浮体位下通过后内侧联合前外侧入路,术中探查半月板、韧带损伤情况并予以相应的修复,骨折予以复位、植骨支撑、钢板固定,术后制定康复方案,定期随访。结果 本组54例患者平均住院时间18.7±5.6 d,随访6～49个月,平均随访时间17.86±3.57月;愈合时间为7.45±1.34月。住院时间与性别和年龄均无关,但与AO分型有关;愈合时间和总有效率均与性别无关,但均与年龄和AO分型有关。术后无1例发生切口及深部感染、切口周围皮瓣坏死、关节不稳、骨筋膜室综合征和内、外翻畸形愈合等并发症。术后至取出内固定装置,无1例出现钢板螺钉松动和断裂、膝关节明显强直。根据Sanders膝关节功能评分标准,显效31例,有效17例,尚可5例,无效1例,总有效例数48例,总有效率为88.89%。结论 采用漂浮体位下后内侧联合前外侧入路可有效取得骨折的复位、固定牢靠,远期疗效满意。     

快速康复外科护理在经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术围术期护理中的效果分析

目的 探讨快速康复外科护理在经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术围术期护理中应用效果。方法 选择我院2016年3月～2019年3月收治的经鼻碟入路垂体切除术患者中50例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(n=25)与研究组(n=25),对照组患者给予常规围手术期护理,研究组患者在此基础上实施快速康复外科护理,比较两组手术相关指标、护理不良事件及护理满意度。结果 两组术中出血量及手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组患者的入住监护室时间、术后住院时间、不良事件总发生率、护理总满意度均优于对照组(P0.05)。结论 对经鼻碟入路垂体瘤切除术患者予围手术期快速康复外科护理,能够有效降低护理不良事件发生率,缩短患者住院时间,提高患者护理满意度,值得临床推广应用。