Diverse Effects of Combinations of Maternal-Neonatal VDR Polymorphisms and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations on Neonatal Birth Anthropometry: Functional Phenocopy Variability Dependence,Highlights the Need for Targeted Maternal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Cut-Offs during Pregnancy

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms have been associated with a plethora of adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of maternal and neonatal VDR polymorphisms (ApaI, TaqI, BsmI, FokI, Tru9I) and different maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D cut-offs on neonatal birth anthropometry. This cross-sectional study included data and samples from a cohort of mother–child pairs at birth. A detailed neonatal anthropometry analysis at birth was also conducted. Different 25(OH)D cut-offs for neonates and mothers were included, according to their vitamin D status at birth: for neonates, cut-offs of [25(OH)D ≤ 25 and > 25 nmol/L] and [25(OH)D ≤ 50 nmol/L] were adopted, whereas for mothers, a 25(OH)D cut-off of [25(OH)D ≤ 50 and > 50 nmol/L)] was investigated. Following this classification, maternal and neonatal VDR polymorphisms were evaluated to investigate the potential different effects of different neonatal and maternal 25(OH)D cut-offs on neonatal birth anthropometry. A total of 69 maternal-neonatal dyads were included in final analysis. Weight, neck rump length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, abdominal circumference (iliac), high thigh circumference, middle thigh circumference, lower arm radial circumference, and lower leg calf circumference of neonates who had the TAQl SNP TT genotype and maternal 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L were significantly higher than that of neonates who had the Tt or tt genotypes (p = 0.001, Hg = 1.341, p = 0.036, Hg = 0.976, p = 0.004, Hg = 1.381, p = 0.001, Hg = 1.554, p = 0.001, Hg = 1.351, p = 0.028, Hg = 0.918, p = 0.008, Hg = 1.090, p = 0.002, Hg = 1.217, and p = 0.020, Hg = 1.263, respectively). Skin fold high anterior was significantly lower in neonates who had the BSMI SNP BB genotype compared to that of neonates with Bb or bb genotypes (p = 0.041, Hg = 0.950), whereas neck rump length was significantly higher in neonates who had the FOKI SNP FF genotype compared to that of neonates who had Ff or ff genotypes (p = 0.042, Hg = 1.228). Regarding neonatal VDR polymorphisms and cut-offs, the abdominal circumference (cm) of neonates who had the TAQI SNP TT genotype and 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L were significantly higher than that of neonates who had the Tt or tt genotypes (p = 0.038, Hg = 1.138). In conclusion, these results indicate that the maternal TAQI VDR polymorphism significantly affected neonatal birth anthropometry when maternal 25(OH) concentrations were <50 nmol/L, but not for a higher cut-off of >50 nmol/L, whereas this effect is minimally evident in the presence of neonatal TAQI polymorphism with neonatal 25(OH)D values <25 nmol/L. The implication of these findings could be incorporated in daily clinical practice by targeting a maternal 25(OH)D cut-off >50 nmol/L, which could be protective against any effect of genetic VDR variance polymorphism on birth anthropometry.     

湖南侗族指纹白线正常值分析

目的 :分析侗族指纹白线的出现率 ,并探讨其相关因素。材料与方法 :用油墨拓印法印取指纹图 ,按Schouman方法确定指纹白线 ,并对获取的资料进行统计分析。结果 :(1 )湖南侗族指纹白线出现率为 3 7 2 7% ,女性明显高于男性 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;(2 )侗族左手指纹白线出现率明显高于右手 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;(3 )侗族AB血型人指纹白线出现率低于其他血型人群 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;(4 )指纹白线在各手指的出现率按中指 >环指 >示指 >拇指 >小指的顺序排列。结论 :湖南侗族指纹白线出现率高于我国其他几个民族 ,其出现率与性别、手别、指别、血型有关     

海南黎族女中专生乳房的观测

地２０６名年龄１７￣１９岁黎族女中专生的双侧乳房进行观测,记录其双侧乳房的乳头位置,乳房高度及基部横径,乳晕大小,形房形状等,进行统计学处理,并据此推导出乳房基部横径与乳房高度的回归方程。     

A comparison of skinfold anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the evaluation of body fat in cirrhotic patients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Skinfold anthropometry has been used to evaluate the nutritional status in cirrhosis. Such estimates are based on the calculations which derive from healthy subjects and may not apply to cirrhotic patients. We aimed to calculate the limits of agreement between Skinfold anthropometry (SA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in estimating body fat in cirrhotics. METHODS: Forty cirrhotic patients were studied by both methods. The limits of agreement were estimated by the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS: Percentage body fat was similar when measured by DXA and SA (29.6 +/- 9.2 vs 28.9 +/- 7.5 %). Body fat mass was also similar (20.3 +/- 8.4 vs 20.3 +/- 7.7 kg). The limits of agreement between DXA and SA measurements were -7.04 (95%CI: -9.55 to -5.2) +8.56 (95%CI: +10.7 to +6.4.) in the assessment of percentage body fat and -5.32 (95%CI: -6.77 to -3.87) +5.24 (95%CI: +3.79 to +6.69) in the assessment of fat mass. CONCLUSION: Percentage body fat can be evaluated by SA or DXA with a difference of less then 5% in the majority of cirrhotic patients without overt fluid retention. This result is important when considering the large applicability of SA.     

儿童皮下和网膜脂肪组织瘦素表达水平及其临床意义

【目的】　对不同年龄儿童皮下和网膜脂肪组织中瘦素 (leptin)mRNA表达水平进行调查。 　【方法】　配对的皮下和网膜脂肪组织从腹部择期手术患儿 ( 3 7例 ,3月～ 12岁 )和成人 ( 9名 )获取。应用real timeRT PCR方法测定不同部位脂肪组织中leptinmRNA表达水平 ,并探讨其与体块指数 (BMI)、腰围、臀围及腰臀围比 (WHR )、年龄、性别及肥胖的相互关系。　【结果】　与成人相一致 ,儿童leptin的表达亦有明显的部位性差异 ,皮下脂肪组织中leptinmRNA水平显著高于网膜 (P <0 .0 0 1)。皮下脂肪组织leptinmRNA表达水平与BMI呈显著正相关 (r =0 .69,P <0 .0 0 1) ,而网膜leptin与BMI呈较弱的正相关 (r =0 .3 2 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;皮下和网膜leptin与WHR的均无显著相关 ,但网膜leptin与腰围呈较弱的正相关 (r =0 .3 3 ,P <0 .0 5 )。不同年龄组中脂肪组织的leptin表达水平差异有显著性(P <0 .0 1) ,6～ 12岁组皮下和网膜脂肪组织leptinmRNA表达均高于 1～ 5岁组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与成人水平相比 ,则差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。过重和肥胖儿童脂肪组织leptinmRNA表达水平显著高于非肥胖儿童。 　【结论】　儿童不同部位脂肪组织leptinmRNA表达水平在一定程度上反映了脂肪组织的生长和分布。肥胖儿童脂肪组织leptin的     

Nutritional Status of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Do We Know Enough?

The incidence of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is on the rise; therefore, well-timed screening is important. Given that this is a nutritionally vulnerable population, it is imperative to conduct a detailed nutritional assessment so that timely and intensive interventions can be recommended. This review article summarizes the research, focusing on the nutritional status of individuals with ASDs based on their anthropometric measurements, biomarkers, and dietary assessments. Research examining anthropometric measurements reveals an abnormally accelerated rate of growth among children with autism but shows inconsistent findings on the prevalence of overweight/obesity in comparison with typically growing children. Although dysregulated amino acid metabolism, increased homocysteine, and decreased folate, vitamins B-6 and B-12, and vitamin D concentrations have been proposed as possible biomarkers for an early diagnosis of ASDs, research investigating their association with age, gender, severity, and other comorbid psychiatric/nonpsychiatric disorders is lacking. There is consensus that children with autism have selective eating patterns, food neophobia, limited food repertoire, and sensory issues. Although inadequate micronutrient but adequate macronutrient intakes are increasingly reported, there are inconsistent results about the extent and type of nutrient deficiencies. Identification and development of nutritional assessment indicators that serve as early warning signs during routine practice beginning at birth and extending throughout the child’s growth are necessary. With this population aging, there is also a dire need to study the adult population. A more vigorous role by nutrition professionals is warranted because management of potential comorbidities and contributory factors may be particularly problematic.     

Morphometric analysis of variation in the ribs with age and sex

Rib cage morphology changes with age and sex are expected to affect thoracic injury mechanisms and tolerance, particularly for vulnerable populations such as pediatrics and the elderly. The size and shape variation of the external geometry of the ribs was characterized for males and females aged 0–100 years. Computed tomography (CT) scans from 339 subjects were analyzed to collect between 2700 and 10 400 homologous landmarks from each rib. Rib landmarks were analyzed using the geometric morphometric technique known as Procrustes superimposition. Age‐ and sex‐specific functions of 3D rib morphology were produced representing the combined size and shape variation and the isolated shape variation. Statistically significant changes in the size and shape variation (P < 0.0001) and shape variation (P < 0.0053) of all 24 ribs were found to occur with age in males and females. Rib geometry, location, and orientation varied according to the rib level. From birth through adolescence, the rib cage experienced an increase in size, a decrease in thoracic kyphosis, and inferior rotation of the ribs relative to the spine within the sagittal plane. From young adulthood into elderly age, the rib cage experienced increased thoracic kyphosis and superior rotation of the ribs relative to the spine within the sagittal plane. The increased roundedness of the rib cage and horizontal angling of the ribs relative to the spine with age influences the biomechanical response of the thorax. With the plane of the rib oriented more horizontally, loading applied in the anterior‐posterior direction will result in increased deformation within the plane of the rib and an increased risk for rib fractures. Thus, morphological changes may be a contributing factor to the increased incidence of rib fractures in the elderly. The morphological functions derived in this study capture substantially more information on thoracic skeleton morphology variation with age and sex than is currently available in the literature. The developed models of rib cage anatomy can be used to study age and sex variations in thoracic injury patterns due to motor vehicle crashes or falls, and clinically relevant changes due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other diseases evidenced by structural and anatomic changes to the chest.     

Nutritional status of schoolgirls in Isfahan,Iran: Anthropometric and hematological measurements

Weights, heights and other anthropometric measurements are presented for seven year old schoolgirls belonging to different socioeconomic groups in Iran. It was found that measurements of the children of professional people were indistinguishable from internationally accepted standards. The measurements of girls in the lower socioeconomic strata were lower. Hematological measurements indicated lack of anemia in any of the children. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed in relation to previously published reports of nutritional problems in Iran.     

Comprehensive assessment of tibial plateau morphology in total knee arthroplasty: Influence of shape and size on anthropometric variability

Better understanding of proximal tibia morphology can lead to improvements in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) through development of tibial tray families that adequately reflect the diversity of global anatomy using an appropriate number of components. We quantified variations in proximal tibial morphology at the TKA level and characterized differences attributable to gender and ethnicity. Virtual TKA was performed on digital models of 347 tibiae, spanning both genders and multiple ethnicities. The geometry of the resection profile was quantified using both a comprehensive set of morphological measurements (reflecting size and shape) and principal component analysis (PCA). The dominant statistical modes of variation were associated primarily with size (plateau dimensions, radii, and area), with lesser contributions associated with asymmetry and aspect ratios. Medial and lateral AP dimensions were strongly correlated with plateau ML width, with minimal differences in correlations due to gender or ethnicity. In conclusion, clinically relevant differences in proximal tibia morphology at the level of TKA resections across genders and multiple ethnicities can be attributed largely to variations in overall proximal tibial size, not gender‐ or ethnic‐specific shape variations. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1643–1652, 2013