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91.
Edward D. Levin Todd C. Brady Elizabeth Crapo Hochrein Tim D. Oury Lena M. Jonsson Stefan L. Marklund James D. Crapo 《Behavior genetics》1998,28(5):381-390
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) controls the availability of extracellular superoxide (O
2
-
), which is important for a variety of physiological pathways, including the primary means of inactivating nitric oxide (NO). The role of EC-SOD in neurobehavioral function has been until now unexplored. In the current studies, the phenotypic expression of genotypic alterations of EC-SOD production in mice were characterized for spatial learning and memory. Dramatic impairments in spatial learning in the win-shift 8-arm radial maze were seen in both EC-SOD knockout mice and EC-SOD overexpressing mice. The EC-SOD overexpressing mice were further characterized as having significant deficits in a repeated acquisition task in the radial-arm maze, which permitted the dissociation of long and short-term learning. Long-term learning was significantly impaired by EC-SOD overexpression, whereas short-term learning was not significantly affected by EC-SOD overexpression. NO systems have been shown to be importantly involved in learning and memory. This may be important in the current studies because EC-SOD has primary control over the inactivation of NO. We found that EC-SOD overexpressing mice were resistant to the cognitive effects of L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride), an NO synthase inhibitor. Decreased NO catabolism in these mice may have served to counter the effects of NOS inhibition by L-NAME. The current finding that EC-SOD levels that were either higher or lower than controls impaired learning demonstrates that the proper control of brain extracellular (O
2
-
) may be more vital than merely reduction of brain extracelluar (O
2
-
) in maintaining adequate learning function. 相似文献
92.
S. A. Brandt Christoph J. Ploner Bernd-Ulrich Meyer Stefanie Leistner Arno Villringer 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1998,118(2):197-204
We investigated the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in a visuospatial
delayed-response task in humans. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (20 Hz, 0.5 s) was used to interfere temporarily
with cortical activity in the DLPFC and PPC during the delay period. Omnidirectional memory-guided saccades with a 3-s delay
were used as a quantifiable motor response to a visuospatial cue. The question addressed was whether repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the DLPFC or PPC during the sensory of memory phase affects accuracy of memory-guided saccades.
Stimulation over the primary motor cortex served as control. Stimulation over the DLPFC significantly impaired accuracy of
memory-guided saccades in amplitude and direction. Stimulation over the PPC impaired accuracy of memory-guided saccades only
when applied within the sensory phase (50 ms after cue offset), but not during the memory phase (500 ms after cue offset).
These results provide further evidence for a parieto-frontal network controlling performance of visuospatial delayed-response
tasks in humans. It can be concluded that within this network the DLPFC is mainly concerned with the mnemonic respresentation
and the PPC with the sensory representation of spatially defined perceptual information.
Received: 22 April 1996/Accepted: 16 June 1997 相似文献
93.
94.
95.
Genetic Structure of Spatial and Verbal Working Memory 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Working memory (WM) encompasses both short-term memory (storage) and executive functions that play an essential role in all forms of cognition. In this study, the genetic structure of storage and executive functions engaged in both a spatial and verbal WM span task is investigated using a twin sample. The sample consists of 143 monozygotic (MZ) and 93 dizygotic (DZ) Japanese twin pairs, ages 16 to 29 years. In 155 (87 MZ, 62 DZ) of these pairs, cognitive ability scores from the Kyodai Japanese IQ test are also obtained. The phenotypic relationship between WM and cognitive ability is confirmed (r = 0.26–0.44). Individual differences in WM storage and executive functions are found to be significantly influenced by genes, with heritability estimates all moderately high (43%–49%), and estimates for cognitive ability comparable to previous studies (65%). A large part of the genetic variance in storage and executive functions in both spatial and verbal modalities is due to a common genetic factor that accounts for 11% to 43% of the variance. In the reduced sample, this common genetic factor accounts for 64% and 26% of the variance in spatial and verbal cognitive ability, respectively. Additional genetic variance in WM (7%–30%) is due to modality specific factors (spatial and verbal) and a storage specific factor that may be particularly important for the verbal modality. None of the variance in cognitive ability is accounted for by the modality and storage genetic factors, suggesting these may be specific to WM. 相似文献
96.
COMT Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Declarative Memory in Adulthood and Old Age 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
de Frias CM Annerbrink K Westberg L Eriksson E Adolfsson R Nilsson LG 《Behavior genetics》2004,34(5):533-539
Variation in memory performance is to a large extent explained by genes. In the prefrontal cortex, the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is essential in the metabolic degradation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter implicated in cognitive functions. The present study examined the effect of a polymorphism in the COMT gene on individual differences and changes in memory in adulthood and old age. Tests assessing episodic and semantic memory were administered to 286 men (initially aged 35-85 years) from a random sample of the population (i.e., the Betula prospective cohort study) at two occasions followed over a 5-year period. Carriers of the Met/Met genotype (with low enzyme activity) performed better on episodic and semantic memory, as compared to carriers of the Val allele (with higher enzyme activity). Division of episodic memory into its recall and recognition components showed that the difference was specific to episodic recall, not recognition tasks; an effect that was observed across three age groups (middle-age, young-old, and old-old adults) and over a 5-year period. The COMT gene is a plausible candidate gene for memory functioning in adulthood and old age. 相似文献
97.
内隐记忆的研究证据及临床意义 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
内隐记忆 (implicitmemory)一词最初由Graf与Schacter于 1985年提出 ,指对特定的过去经验进行有意识或外显的回忆测验中表现出来的对先前获得信息的无意识提取 ,也就是说 ,在有意或无意间获得的信息、技能或习惯 ,虽不能有意识地回忆和再认 ,但会影响类似作业的成效和行为的有效性。这一概念的提出扩大了记忆研究的内涵 ,因此迅速成为记忆研究的热点之一。目前内隐记忆的研究在测量方法与理论解释方面都取得了一些进展 ,大量证据表明它与外显记忆存在质的不同 ,是一个相对独立的记忆系统。不过现存的问题也很多 ,… 相似文献
98.
Flinn JM Hunter D Linkous DH Lanzirotti A Smith LN Brightwell J Jones BF 《Physiology & behavior》2005,83(5):793-803
Zinc deficiency has been shown to impair cognitive functioning, but little work has been done on the effects of elevated zinc. This research examined the effect on memory of raising Sprague-Dawley rats on enhanced levels of zinc (10 ppm ZnCO3; 0.153 mM) in the drinking water for periods of 3 or 9 months, both pre- and postnatally. Controls were raised on lab water. Memory was tested in a series of Morris Water Maze (MWM) experiments, and zinc-treated rats were found to have impairments in both reference and working memory. They were significantly slower to find a stationary platform and showed greater thigmotaxicity, a measure of anxiety. On a working memory task, where the platform was moved each day, zinc-treated animals had longer latencies over both trials and days, swam further from the platform, and showed greater thigmotaxicity. On trials using an Atlantis platform, which remained in one place but was lowered on probe trials, the zinc-treated animals had significantly fewer platform crossings, spent less time in the target quadrant, and did not swim as close to the platform position. They had significantly greater latency on nonprobe trials. Microprobe synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (microSXRF) confirmed that brain zinc levels were increased by adding ZnCO3 to the drinking water. These data show that long-term dietary administration of zinc can lead to impairments in cognitive function. 相似文献
99.
材料参数与镍钛形状记忆合金的本构关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在Tanaka模型基础上,我们讨论了形状记忆合金热力学特性的本构关系。特别注意了桓温拉伸过程和强迫回复过程。本构方程的材料参数,即弹性模量D,变化张量Ω,热力弹性张量均以镍钛合金实验测试值来确定。在不同的应力-应变-温度关系试验中发现D和Ω与温度之间有很强的相关性。 相似文献
100.