Allogeneic immune replacement as cancer immunotherapy

The graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) reaction that occurs after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can cure patients with a variety of haematological malignancies. A heightened appreciation of the GVL effect has resulted in the development of reduced intensity transplant approaches, where antitumour effects occur predominantly as a consequence of the transplanted donor immune system. The recent success of these transplants in patients with acute and chronic leukaemias has led to trials investigating for graft-versus-tumour (GVT) effects in patients with treatment-refractory metastatic solid tumours. This review discusses evidence that immune replacement following allogeneic HCT is a potent form of cancer immunotherapy for patients with haematological and non-haematological malignancies.     

Second Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation after Myeloablative Conditioning Analysis of 43 Cases from Single Institution

Between March 1984 and December 1999, a total of 43 second related allogeneic BMT procedures after myeloablative conditioning were carried out in our institution, 37 following allogeneic, and 6 following autologous BMT. Thirty one patients were males (72%). At 1st BMT (BMT<PRE>1</PRE>), median age was 11.5 years (range, 0.16-45 years). BMT<PRE>1</PRE> was carried out for the diagnosis of AML in 13 patients (30%), SAA in nine (21%), ALL in six (14%), CML in six (14%), immunodeficiency in three (7%), NHL in two, β-thal in two, HD in one, Red cell aplasia in one. HLA matching status for allogeneic BMT<PRE>1</PRE> was full match in 33, one antigen mismatch in two and haplo identical in two patients. Median age at the 2nd BMT (BMT<PRE>2</PRE>) was 14 years (range, 0.41-46.7 years). Indications for BMT<PRE>2</PRE> were recurrent hematologic neoplasm in 23 patients (53%), primary graft failure in 12 (28%) and late graft failure in 8 (19%). Median time from BMT<PRE>1</PRE> to recurrence of hematologic neoplasm or late graft failure was 10 months (range, 2.5- 88 months). Median BMT<PRE>1</PRE> to BMT<PRE>2</PRE> interval was 13 months (range, 1-107 months). For BMT<PRE>2</PRE>, the same donor was used in 29 patients, while 14 patients had alternate related donor (12 full match, 1-one Ag mismatch, 1 haplo identical). A different conditioning regimen was used in the majority of the patients (39, 91%). Radiation containing conditioning regimen were used mostly for patients previously conditioned with chemotherapy only for BMT<PRE>1</PRE> and chemotherapy conditioning±ATG for those who received radiation containing conditioning at BMT<PRE>1</PRE>. Bone marrow was the stem cell source for all patients at BMT<PRE>2</PRE> and all except three autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation patient at BMT<PRE>1</PRE>. Significant organ toxicity leading to procedure related death in 13 patients (30%) was observed after BMT<PRE>2</PRE>. At a median follow up of 36 months after BMT<PRE>2</PRE>, 22 patients (51%) are alive (20 free of disease, 2 with recurrent disease) with overall median survival of 47.5 (SD±9) months. Univariate analysis of relevant clinical factors identified the following variables as the only statistically significant favorable prognostic factors for overall survival: BMT<PRE>1</PRE>-BMT<PRE>2</PRE> interval of ≥6 months (P=0.0007) and age at BMT<PRE>2</PRE> ≤10 years (P=0.041). The nature of underlying disease (neoplastic or non-neoplastic) was not statistically significant (P=0.23). There was no statistically significant difference in survival outcome of BMT<PRE>2</PRE> using same donor vs. alternate related donor (P=0.51). Due to the relatively limited sample size, multivariate analysis was not attempted. This single institution study suggests that second allogeneic BMT after myeloblative conditioning has an acceptable treatment related morbidity/mortality and favorable outcome if performed at age ≤10 years and with an interval of ≥6 months after the first BMT. Additionally same donor can successfully be used for the second transplant with similar survival outcome to alternate donor.     

预处理前输血对异基因造血干细胞移植疗效的影响

目的探讨预处理前输注血制品对恶性血液病患者异基因造血干细胞移植术后造血功能恢复和急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）发生情况的影响。方法对23例恶性血液病患者行异基因造血干细胞移植术治疗，其中8例于预处理前3个月内有输注血制品史，15例未输。移植过程中常规行aGVHD防治，观察预处理前输注血制品对患者异基因造血干细胞移植术后造血恢复及aGVHD发生情况的影响。结果预处理前输血组中性粒细胞恢复的中位时间为11．5d（11-16d），血小板恢复的中位时间为12．5d（11-16d）；预处理前未输血组中性粒细胞恢复的中位时间为13d（11-17d），血小板恢复的中位时间为13d（9-35d）；两组的造血功能恢复时间差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。预处理前输血组有75％（6／8）的患者发生aGVHD，其中Ⅰ度3例，Ⅲ度1例，超急性（hGVHD）2例；未输血组有60％（9／15）患者发生aGVHD，其中Ⅰ度3例，Ⅱ度3例，Ⅲ度2例，Ⅳ度1例；两组aGVHD发生率差异有统计学意义（P=0．001）。发生aGVHD的患者经治疗均得到有效控制。结论恶性血液病异基因造血干细胞移植患者在移植前短期内输血对造血干细胞的植人及造血功能恢复未产生明显影响，但会增加aGVHD发生的可能性，对这部分患者应加强aGVHD的防治。     

Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia: In vitro characterization before and after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

In previously published studies on patients with juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML), excessive proliferation of malignant monocyte-macrophage elements and impaired growth of normal hematopoietic progenitors were demonstrated. A selective hypersentivity of granulocytemachrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) to granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) seems to represent the main pathogenetic mechanism. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been demonstrated to be the only curative strategy for patients with JCML. In this study, we evaluated the growth of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors in semisolid cultures in two children with JCML before and after allogeneic BMT. Serum levels of GM-CSF, interleukin-1 (JCIL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also assessed. IL-1-β, GM-CSF and TNF-α serum levels of the patients before and after BMT did not differ significantly from those obtained in 45 healthy controls. After marrow transplant, the engraftment of donor hematopoietic stem cell was associated with the disappearance of both pretransplant GM-CSF hypersensitivity and CFU-GM spontaneous growth. The inhibitory effect on the growth of normal hematopoietic progenitors also resolved. This confirms that the substitution of the pathological hematopoietic progenitors represents the basis for the curvative effect of allogeneic BMT in the treatment of JCML, abolishing both the excessive responsiveness of JCML progenitor cells even to very low concentrations of GM-CSF and the growth-inhibitory effect on normal hematopoiesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Inhibition of murine corneal allograft rejection by treatment with antibodies to CD80 and CD86

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules in corneal allograft rejection. Anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were administered after orthotopic corneal allograft transplantation. Graft rejection was observed by biomicroscopy. Population and localization of CD80(+)and CD86(+)cells in the cornea, cervical lymph nodes, and spleen were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The combined use of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 mAbs was effective in prolonging corneal allograft survival. In the untreated mice bearing rejected graft, many CD86(+)and CD80(+)cells were found around the host-graft junctional area in the cornea, and CD86(high)cells were found in the cervical lymph node and spleen. In contrast, few CD86(+)or CD80(+)cells were observed in the cornea, cervical lymph node, and spleen from the mice treated with anti-CD80/CD86 mAbs. These results demonstrated a significant role of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules in corneal allograft rejection.     

Long-term complete haematological and molecular remission after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with a stem cell myeloproliferative disorder associated with t(8;13)(p12;q12)

A rare atypical myeloproliferative disorder (aMPD) associated with chromosomal translocations involving the short arm of chromosome 8, region p11-p12 has been described. In most patients, the cytogenetic abnormality is a t(8;13)(p12;q12) that fuses fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, the 8p12 key gene, to FIM/ZNF198 gene. Prognosis is poor with frequent evolution to acute myeloid leukaemia within 1 year of diagnosis. We report a new patient with aMPD with a t(8;13) translocation. Complete haematological, cytogenetic and molecular remission was demonstrated 39 months after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This is the first report to demonstrate a molecular remission in this disorder.     

Prospective evaluation of cell kinetics,yields and donor experiences during a single large-volume apheresis versus two smaller volume consecutive day collections of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells

We report cell kinetics, yields and donation experiences of 20 demographically matched allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donors who were prospectively assigned to undergo either a single 25 l or two consecutive daily 15 l (15 l x 2) apheresis procedures. Procedures were performed using prophylactic intravenous calcium administration after standard granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) mobilization (10 microg/kg/d). Central line placements (two each), initial CD34 cell counts (0.077 vs 0.078 x 10(9)/l) and yields (7.9 vs 8.1 x 10(8) CD34 cells) were similar in the two groups; however, 25 l donors spent significantly less time both in the clinic (7.5 vs 10.8 h) and with central venous catheters in place (8.5 vs 29.5 h) than 15 l x 2 donors. End-procedure platelet counts were below 100 x 10(9)/l in one out of 10 25 l donors versus five out of 10 in 15 l x 2 donors (41%vs 53% mean decrease in platelet counts, P = 0.02). PBSC collection efficiency increased by 37% after 15 l of the 25-l volume had been processed, compared with no significant change during 15 l x 2 procedures. Results similar to these prospective findings were also observed in CD34 yields, symptoms and platelet counts in additional 25 l and 15 l procedures performed during the same period and evaluated retrospectively. This study indicates that a single 25-l apheresis procedure results in similar yields and symptoms, but less donor thrombocytopenia and inconvenience than two consecutive daily 15-l procedures.     

DNA多态性分析技术检测异基因造血干细胞移植后植活的证据

目的探讨DNA多态性分析技术检测患者移植后植入状态的可行性及在患者移植的预后和疾病复发的预警作用。方法应用DNA多态性分析技术对66例异基因造血干细胞移植(Allo-HSCT)术中患者移植前、后及供者的基因分型进行检测,并对25例进行追踪监测和动态分析。结果48例Allo-HSCT术后,患者基因分型表现为供者源型,13例表现为受者源型,5例表现为嵌合状态型;通过对25例追踪监测和动态分析,发现2例供者源型转为受/供者嵌合状态型,4例嵌合状态型转为供者源型,其他未见变化。结论DNA多态性分析技术可快速、准确地检测患者移植物的植入状态,为临床移植提供准确、可靠的实验指标,为进一步制定治疗方案提供依据。