洁净手术室不同状态空气质量的对比性研究

目的 探讨洁净手术室不同状态中空气质量的变化及细菌分类的不同,分析空气质量变化的原因,寻求有效预防手术伤口感染的措施.方法 对千级和万级洁净手术室在净化设备运行30 min时、手术开始10 min时、手术进行2 h时不同状态中的空气质量进行动态监测,取3次监测的均值,并对各项数据进行统计分析比较,分析统计细菌分类.结果 在3种状态中各项数据比较有差异;净化设备运行30 min即静态时和手术开始10 min时及手术2 h时细菌分类比较有显著差异,手术开始10 min时和手术2 h时比较无显著差异.结论 要充分发挥洁净手术室的优势和作用,科学规范管理尤为重要.     

Age-related changes in intranasal air conditioning in the elderly

Objectives/Hypothesis: Elderly patients frequently complain about the feeling of a dry nose and recurrent crusting probably due to age‐related degenerative effects of the nasal mucosa. Data on intranasal air conditioning in elderly patients are missing. The aim of the study was to compare intranasal heating and humidification of respiratory air in elderly subjects and a younger control group. Additionally, rhinomanometrical and rhinometrical data were examined. Study Design: The study was conceived as randomized, prospective study. Methods: Forty study subjects (median age, 70 years; range, 61–84) and 40 control subjects (median age, 27 years; range, 20–40) were included in the study. In vivo air temperature and humidity values were simultaneously measured at defined intranasal sites. Active anterior rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry also were performed in every subject. Results: In the study group, the median end‐inspiratory air temperature (°C)/absolute humidity (g/m³) values were 24.0°C/13.8 g/m³ within the nasal valve region and 24.3°C/14.7 g/m³ anterior to the head of the middle turbinate. In the control group, the corresponding values were 27.0°C/15.5 g/m³ and 26.7°C/17.0 g/m³. Temperature and humidity values were significantly lower in the study group (P < .05). The minimal cross‐sectional areas and volumes were significantly higher in the study group (P < .05). Conclusions: Nasal complaints in elderly patients are a consequence of lower intranasal air temperature and humidity values combined with relatively enlarged nasal cavities due to involution atrophy of the nasal mucosa.     

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis associated with massive free air mimicking perforated diffuse peritonitis

While pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis （PCI） is a rare disease entity associated with a wide variety of gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal disorders, PCI associated with massive intra- and retroperitoneal free air is extremely uncommon, and is difficult to diagnose differentially from perforated peritonitis. We present two cases of PCI associated with massive peritoneal free air and/or retroperitoneal air that mimicked perforated peritonitis. These cases highlight the clinical importance of PCI that mimics perforated peritonitis, which requires emergency surgery. Preoperative imaging modalities and diagnostic laparoscopy are useful to make an accurate diagnosis.     

Health effects of ambient air pollution in children

Children seem to be most vulnerable to the harmful effects of ambient air pollutants because their defence mechanisms are still evolving and because they inhale a higher volume of air per body weight than adults. Air pollutants can also harm the foetus if the mother is exposed to high levels of air pollution during pregnancy. An increase in respiratory neonatal mortality has been associated with ambient levels of air pollutants. Exposure to fine particles has been shown to increase allergen sensitisation, increase the risk of worsening asthma and decrease lung function. Lung growth, as measured by lung function, seems to be adversely affected in children exposed to various oxidant air pollutants. Oxidative stress is the main underlying mechanism responsible for the harmful effects of air pollutants and preliminary studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation can offer some protection.     

上海市松江区大气污染与脑卒中急性期死亡的关联性分析

[目的]探究大气污染与脑卒中急性期死亡的关联性,以及大气污染环境中脑卒中急性期死亡的易感人群情况.[方法]汇总上海市松江区2012—2014年大气污染数据,并收集户籍人口脑卒中急性期死亡的全部病例,采用时间分层-病例交叉设计方法分析两者间关系,并确立易感人群.[结果]共纳入了514例脑卒中急性期死亡病例.研究期间内,P...     

控制空气加压舱舱内氧浓度方法的探讨

[目的]探讨空气加压舱舱内氧浓度的控制.[方法]对吸氧30 min内通风换气组（A组）、吸氧60 min后通风换气组（B组）舱内氧浓度进行对比研究;及对根据吸氧人数打开3个排氧阀（C组）和相同程度打开3个排氧阀（D组）舱内氧浓度进行对比研究.[结果]A组舱内氧浓度显著低于B组（P＜0.05）;C组舱内氧浓度明显低于D组（P＜0.05）.[结论]吸氧30 min内通风换气及根据吸氧人数调节3个排氧阀的方法是控制空气加压舱舱内氧浓度的较好的方法.     

肠炎沙门氏菌在鸭群中经口服感染和空气传播的研究

目的　了解肠炎沙门氏菌在鸭群中的传播情况。某番鸭及樱桃谷鸭养殖场的鸭群发生一种高发病率、高死亡率的传染病。分别从病死鸭内脏分离到 2株细菌 ,经分离鉴定为肠炎沙门氏杆菌。方法　研究经饲料、饮水口服和空气传播引起感染的情况。结果　肠炎沙门氏菌在鸭群中可经饲料、饮水由消化道或经空气传播从呼吸道进入而引起发病。结论　分离菌具有较强的致病性 ,要从饲料、饮水和空气传播等方面防止肠炎沙门氏菌引起鸭群感染发病     

某舰船舰员长航时疲劳状况调查及原因分析

目的分析和评价舰员疲劳状态和某舰艇舱室空气质量,找出可能导致舰员疲劳的原因,为维护和提高长航官兵的健康提供理论依据和指导意见。方法采用《疲劳自觉症状调查表》对舰员出航前后疲劳状况进行调查分析。采用Gasmet DX4035型傅立叶红外多组分气体分析仪对航行舰艇各个舱室的空气质量进行检测,并依据环境质量标准对舰艇舱室空气质量进行评价。结果 (1)经过1周的航行后,所有舰员疲劳症状明显加重,"身体"、"精神"、"神经感觉"3种疲劳因子均明显升高。(2)部分舱室空气中甲醛、SO2超标。结论舰员出海后较出海前疲劳程度明显加重;该舰某些舱室空气中部分有害气体含量超标,从而可能加重舰员的疲劳。     

综合医院手术部洁净空调系统设计思路探讨

结合工程实例,对手术室洁净空调系统设计中系统划分、设备选择、气流组织、系统控制和节能措施等方面进行深入探讨。介绍了笔者在手术室空调系统设计中的主要思路：高级别手术室（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）空调系统独立设置;手术室空调系统采用二次回风来代替再热过程,实现节能;手术部的新风系统集中设置;洁净手术室室内送风口集中布置在手术台上方,使手术台及其周边区位于洁净气流形成的主流区内。     

桥小脑角入路术后脑脊液鼻漏

目的　探讨桥小脑角开颅术中减少脑脊液 (CSF)鼻漏产生的措施及治疗原则。方法　结合文献报道 ,回顾性分析 2 4 0例桥小脑角区手术后CSF鼻漏的临床资料。结果　术后并发 8例CSF鼻漏 ,均因颞骨气腔区骨质破坏 ,CSF经咽鼓管流出所致。结论　掌握颞骨气腔区形成的解剖特点 ,减少骨质破坏 ,加强封闭可能的漏口 ,可有效地减少鼻漏发生