The associations between serum leptin, adiponectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in hypercholesterolemic patients

We examined the associations between adiponectin or leptin and serum ICAM-1 levels in seventy-six hypercholesterolemic patients (mean age 59 yrs, 25 males and 51 females, LDL-cholesterol>=130mg/dL at screening). Blood lipid profiles and HOMA-IR derived from fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and ICAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA. The results showed that serum levels of leptin were positively associated with serum levels of ICAM-1 independent of age, sex and BMI (r =0.392, p<0.001). Serum levels of adiponectin were negatively associated with serum levels of ICAM-1 independent of age, sex and BMI (r =-0.343, p<0.005). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum leptin was an independent factor to be associated with serum ICAM-1 levels after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, blood lipids such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and HOMA-IR (p<0.001). With respect to adiponectin, its association with serum ICAM-1 was attenuated but still significant when further adjustments were made for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, blood lipids such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and HOMA-IR (p<0.005). In conclusion, this study suggests that adiponectin and leptin are associated with endothelial derived inflammation.     

The Combined Effects of Exercise,Diet, and a Multi-Ingredient Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Adipokine Changes in Overweight Adults

Background: Very few weight and fat loss supplements undergo finished-product research to examine efficacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 8-week diet and exercise program on body composition, hip and waist girth, and adipokines and evaluate whether a dietary supplement containing raspberry ketone, capsaicin, caffeine, garlic, and Citrus aurantium enhanced outcomes.

Methods: Overweight men and women completed this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Participants consumed 4 capsules/d of supplement (EXP; n = 18) or placebo (PLA; n = 18). Participants underwent 8 weeks of daily supplementation, calorie restriction (500 kcal < RMR [resting metabolic rate] × 1.2), and supervised progressive exercise training 3 times a week. Body composition, girth, and adipokines were assessed at baseline and postintervention (T1 and T2).

Results: Significant decreases in weight (?2.6 ± 0.57 kg, p < 0.001), fat mass (?1.8 ± 0.20 kg; p < 0.001), and percentage body fat (?3.7% ± 0.29%, p < 0.001) and a significant increase in lean body mass (LBM; 1.5 ± 0.26 kg; p < 0.001) were seen from T1 to T2 in both groups. For men, only those in the EXP group increased LBM from T1 to T2 (1.3 ± 0.38 kg; p < 0.05). Hip girth was also reduced, with the women in the EXP group (?10.7 ± 2.15 cm, p < 0.001) having a greater reduction. There was a time by group interaction, with significant decreases in leptin (p < 0.001) and significant increases in adiponectin (p < 0.05) in the EXP group.

Conclusions: Significant improvements in adipokines and leptin support the utility of exercise, diet, and fat loss for impacting inflammatory biomarkers. The improvement in adiponectin with EXP may suggest a unique health mechanism.     

Down‐regulation of microRNA‐375 regulates adipokines and inhibits inflammatory cytokines by targeting AdipoR2 in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been considered as a multi‐factorial metabolic syndrome. MicroRNA‐375 (MiR‐375) was significantly up‐regulated in serum of NAFLD patients and the role of miR‐375 was addressed as a putative biomarker of NAFLD progression. However, the specific function of miR‐375 in the progression of NAFLD is still unclear and the molecular mechanisms underlying NAFLD have yet to be elucidated. Our study aimed at investigating the regulatory role of miR‐375 in the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenic progression of NAFLD and to find out whether miR‐375 regulates the expression level of adipokines and inflammatory cytokines in NAFLD. We found that miR‐375 expression was increased in the serum of high fat diet (HFD)‐feeding mice comparing to that in healthy controls, whereas the expression of Adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) was decreased in mice fed with HFD. Moreover, inhibiton of miR‐375 up‐regulated the expression of Adiponectin, inhibited the lipid accumulation and down‐regulated both the level of Leptin and inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐6 in palmiticacid (PA)‐induced human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. In addition, we also found that AdipoR2 was a target of miR‐375 by binding directly to the 3′UTR of it. Of note, the reduced level of TNF‐α, IL‐6 as well as Leptin and the production of Adiponectin by miR‐375 inhibitors was significantly reversed by silencing of AdipoR2 in PA‐induced HepG2 cells. Our findings bring new insight into understanding the complex mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and provide evidence that miR‐375 might represent a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD.     

冠心病患者血浆Chemerin水平的变化及其影响因素

目的:探讨冠心病患者血浆脂肪细胞因子Chemerin的变化及其影响因素。方法:选择对照组21例,冠心病组57例。空腹抽血,测定血浆脂肪细胞因子Chemerin水平及空腹血糖、血脂、肌酐、高敏C反应蛋白等生化指标。结果:冠心病组血浆Chemerin明显高于对照组[(225.25±23.74)pg/L∶(205.13±11.02)pg/L,P<0.05]。Chemerin与冠状动脉病变支数呈正相关,r=0.368,P<0.05;与入院时心率、白细胞总数、中性粒细胞、高敏C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原、空腹血糖、肌酐呈显著正相关,r值分别为0.595、0.596、0.609、0.442、0.485、0.546、0.669,P<0.05;与入院时收缩压水平呈负相关,r=-0.419,P<0.05。结论:冠心病患者血浆脂肪细胞因子Chemerin显著升高,且与冠状动脉病变支数、心率、血压、白细胞、中性粒细胞、高敏C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原、空腹血糖和肌酐水平等密切相关。     

Entero-endocrine changes after gastric bypass in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a preliminary study

INTRODUCTION: Alterations in entero-endocrine signaling may play a role in improvements in satiety and glucose tolerance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). We report our findings of gut hormone secretion in a cohort of diabetic and nondiabetic morbidly obese patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten morbidly obese subjects who underwent uncomplicated RYGB were studied: 5 were diabetic and 9 were female. Nonfasting plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, desacyl ghrelin, active ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) were determined preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 42 +/- 11 years, and the mean preoperative body mass index was 50 +/- 6 kg/m(2). At 6 months mean BMI fell to 33 +/- 5 kg/m(2) (P < 0.0001), and there were no differences between diabetics and nondiabetics with respect to amount of weight loss. In non-diabetics, compared to preoperative levels, there were significant increases in GLP-1 and desacyl-ghrelin in the nondiabetic patients (P = 0.046 and P = 0.016, respectively); no change in plasma insulin, active ghrelin, NPY, or GIP was demonstrated. In contrast, when compared to preoperative levels, there were no significant changes in entero-endocrine hormone levels in the diabetic cohort postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: At 6 months postoperation, RYGB significantly alters the hormone levels for GLP-1 and desacyl-ghrelin in morbidly obese nondiabetic patients. No significant change was noted in a matched cohort of diabetic patients. Weight loss was similar in diabetics and nondiabetics, suggesting that GLP-1 and ghrelin are not the only mechanisms producing weight loss after RYGB.     

Conjugated linoleic acid improves airway hyper‐reactivity in overweight mild asthmatics

Background Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are naturally occurring fatty acids that have multiple biological properties including the regulation of metabolic, proliferative and immune processes. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of CLA as a dietary supplement in mild asthma. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Twenty‐eight adult subjects (aged 19–40 years) with mild asthma (FEV₁>70% predicted) were randomized to CLA 4.5 g/day or placebo for 12 weeks in addition to usual treatment. On average, subjects were overweight with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.9 kg/m². Results Subjects in the CLA group had a significant improvement in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) at week 12 compared with week 0 [PC₂₀ 6.6 (2.1) mg/mL vs. 2.2 (0.7) mg/mL; P<0.05]. The CLA group had a significant reduction in weight and BMI compared with placebo and this was associated with a reduction in leptin/adiponectin ratio. There were no differences in systemic cytokine levels, induced sputum cell counts, quality‐of‐life scores or adverse events. Conclusions CLA treatment as an adjunct to usual care in overweight mild asthmatics was well tolerated and was associated with improvements in AHR and BMI. Cite this as: R. MacRedmond, G. Singhera, S. Attridge, M. Bahzad, C. Fava, Y. Lai, T. S. Hallstrand and D. R. Dorscheid, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1071–1078.     

血浆vaspin浓度与不稳定型心绞痛的相关性研究

目的:腹腔脂肪型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(vaspin)是新发现的脂肪因子,对代谢性疾病具有预防作用.该研究旨在探讨血浆vaspin浓度与冠心病及不稳定型心绞痛的关系.方法:经血管造影诊断明确的冠心病患者88例(其中稳定型心绞痛47例,不稳定型心绞痛41例),同期入院的103例无心脏疾病的患者作为对照.测量患者血浆中vaspin的浓度,记录临床一般情况及血脂、血糖、高敏C反应蛋白等指标.并根据冠状动脉的病变支数来评定冠心病严重程度.结果:不稳定型心绞痛的血浆vaspin浓度(0.43±0.38)μg/L较稳定型心绞痛(0.91±0.95)μg/L显著降低(P<0.01).在冠心病患者中血管病变支数与血浆vaspin浓度负相关(r=-0.350,P<0.01).ROC曲线分析血浆vaspin对冠心病有鉴别价值(AUC=0.684,P<0.001),对不稳定型心绞痛也有鉴别价值(AUC=0.640,P=0.024).结论:不稳定型心绞痛患者具有较低的血浆vaspin浓度;低血浆vaspin浓度与冠心病严重程度呈相关.     

Adipokines and inflammation markers and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: The EPIC study

Other than the influence of ionizing radiation and benign thyroid disease, little is known about the risk factors for differentiated thyroid cancer (TC) which is an increasing common cancer worldwide. Consistent evidence shows that body mass is positively associated with TC risk. As excess weight is a state of chronic inflammation, we investigated the relationship between concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, C‐reactive protein, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and the risk of TC. A case‐control study was nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study and included 475 first primary incident TC cases (399 women and 76 men) and 1,016 matched cancer‐free cohort participants. Biomarkers were measured in serum samples using validated and highly sensitive commercially available immunoassays. Odds ratios (ORs) of TC by levels of each biomarker were estimated using conditional logistic regression models, adjusting for BMI and alcohol consumption. Adiponectin was inversely associated with TC risk among women (OR_T3vs.T1 = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49–0.98, P_trend = 0.04) but not among men (OR_T3vs.T1 = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.67–2.76, P_trend = 0.37). Increasing levels of IL‐10 were positively associated with TC risk in both genders and significantly so in women (OR_T3vs.T1 = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.13–2.25, P_trend = 0.01) but not in men (OR_T3vs.T1 = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.80–3.98, P_trend = 0.17). Leptin, CRP, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were not associated with TC risk in either gender. These results indicate a positive association of TC risk with IL‐10 and a negative association with adiponectin that is probably restricted to women. Inflammation may play a role in TC in combination with or independently of excess weight.