Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Upper Respiratory Tract and the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2

Increasing evidence shows the nasal epithelium to be the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that early and effective immune responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) limit and eliminate the infection in the URT, thereby preventing infection of the lower respiratory tract and the development of severe COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 interferes with innate immunity signaling and evolves mutants that can reduce antibody-mediated immunity in the URT. Recent genetic and immunological advances in understanding innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the URT, and the ability of prior infections as well as currently available injectable and potential intranasal COVID-19 vaccines to generate anamnestic adaptive immunity in the URT, are reviewed. It is suggested that the more detailed investigation of URT immune responses to all types of COVID-19 vaccines, and the development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for intranasal administration, are important needs.     

Semg-BFB联合口咽感觉训练对鼻咽癌放疗后U ES狭窄患者吞咽功能的影响

目的 探讨表面肌电生物反馈疗法(sEMG-BFB)联合口咽感觉训练对鼻咽癌放疗后食管上括约肌(UES)狭窄患者吞咽功能的影响.方法 将2018年1月-2019年5月我科收治的125例鼻咽癌放疗后U ES狭窄患者,随机分为对照组62例(给予sEMG-BFB)和观察组63例(在对照组的基础上增加口咽感觉训练).观察两组UE...     

The hepatotoxicity of Polygonum multiflorum: The emerging role of the immune-mediated liver injury

Herbal and dietary supplements(HDS)-induced liver injury has been a great concern all over the world.Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.,a well-known Chinese herbal medicine,is recently drawn increasing attention because of its hepatotoxicity.According to the clinical and experimental studies,P.multiflorum-induced liver injury(PM-DILI)is considered to be immune-mediated idiosyncratic liver injury,but the role of immune response and the underlying mechanisms are not completely elucidated.Previous studies focused on the direct toxicity of PM-DILI by using animal models with intrinsic drug-induced liver injury(DILI).However,most epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrate that PM-DILI is immune-mediated idiosyncratic liver injury.The aim of this review is to assess current epidemiological,clinical and experimental evidence about the possible role of innate and adaptive immunity in the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of P.multiflorum.The potential effects of factors associated with immune tolerance,including immune checkpoint molecules and regulatory immune cells on the individual’s susceptibility to PM-DILI are also discussed.We conclude by giving our hypothesis of possible immune mechanisms of PM-DILI and providing suggestions for future studies on valuable biomarkers identification and proper immune models establishment.     

脑电生物反馈治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的跟踪研究

目的 与利他林时照,了解脑电生物反馈治疗儿童多动症的远期疗效.方法 将180例儿妻多动症(ADHD)患儿随机分成反馈组和利他林组各90例,分别给予脑电生物反馈及利他林治疗,用Conners量表、韦氏儿童智力测试和TOVA量表分别于治疗前、治疗中、治疗后及治疗结束后6个月、12个月时进行跟踪评定.结果 治疗后两组conners量表行为因子、学习因子、多动因子及多动指数分均低于治疗前(P＜0.01).12个月随访时,反馈组上述因子评分仍显著低于治疗前(P＜0.01),而利他林组上述因子评分与治疗前没有明显差别.韦氏儿童智力测验c因子分比较,两组治疗后与治疗前比较都有明显升高(P＜0.01).12个月随访时,反馈组c因子分仍显著高于治疗前(P＜0.01);利他林组则无明显差别(P＞0.05).TOVA4项操作评分12个月随访时,反馈组与治疗前相比均有显著性下降(P＜0.01),利他林组与治疗前相比下降不明显(P＞0.05).结论 脑电生物反馈治疗ADHD与利他林近期疗效相当,但远期疗效优于利他林.     

北柴胡适生地分析及数值区划研究

采用生物适生地分析系统,对北柴胡的适宜产地进行数值区划,并与资源普查结果相比较,以探索药材产地适宜性区划的现代方法。结果发现以北京延庆为基点,以水热距为距离和分级指标,得出了北柴胡全国的783个适宜产地,主要分布在纬度27．5-54．2°,经度75．17-134．17°之间,其中1级适宜产地的分布范围为纬度35．22-44．47°,经度102．33-124．05°之间,主要在山西、陕西、河北的北部,内蒙的中南部及辽宁的西南部,该结果与我国北柴胡的自然分布产区非常相似。结果表明采用生物适生地分析系统,结合柴胡资源调查资料,可以较好地对北柴胡的适宜产地进行数值分级区划。     

奥拉西坦联合肌电生物反馈疗法治疗血管性痴呆疗效观察

目的:探讨奥拉西坦联合肌电生物反馈疗法治疗血管性痴呆(VD)的临床效果。方法:随机将2017年1月~2017年6月某院收治的104例VD患者随机分为A、B两组(A=52,B=52)。两组患者均给予奥拉西坦治疗,B组加用肌电生物反馈疗法,对比两组患者治疗前后MMSE、ADL和SF-36评分。结果:治疗后B组患者MMS、ADL和SF-36评分均高于A组(P<0.05)。结论:奥拉西坦联合肌电生物反馈疗法治疗可有效改善VD智力水平、自主生活能力和生活质量,具有较高的临床推广价值。     

补中益气汤加味辅助电刺激生物反馈治疗气虚型盆底功能障碍性疾病的疗效分析

目的 探讨补中益气汤加味辅助电刺激生物反馈治疗气虚型盆底功能障碍(PFD)性疾病的疗效和对其生活质量的影响.方法 选取2017年2月至2018年8月达州市中西医结合医院治疗的256例气虚型PFD患者的临床资料作为研究对象,进行回顾性分析.根据治疗方案将患者分为研究组(n=131)和对照组(n=125).对照组入院后均给...     

Comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy with the 5-field technique,helical tomotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy for localized prostate cancer

The outcomes of three methods of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for localized prostate cancer were evaluated. Between 2010 and 2018, 308 D’Amico intermediate- or high-risk patients were treated with 2.2 Gy daily fractions to a total dose of 74.8 Gy in combination with hormonal therapy. Overall, 165 patients were treated with 5-field IMRT using a sliding window technique, 66 were then treated with helical tomotherapy and 77 were treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The median age of patients was 71 years. The median follow-up period was 75 months. Five-year overall survival (OS) and biochemical or clinical failure-free survival (FFS) rates were 95.5 and 91.6% in the 5-field IMRT group, 95.1 and 90.3% in the tomotherapy group and 93.0 and 88.6% in the VMAT group, respectively, with no significant differences among the three groups. The 5-year cumulative incidence of late grade ≥2 genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities were 7.3 and 6.2%, respectively, for all patients. Late grade ≥2 gastrointestinal toxicities were less frequent in patients undergoing VMAT (0%) than in patients undergoing 5-field IMRT (7.3%) and those undergoing tomotherapy (11%) (P = 0.025), and this finding appeared to be correlated with the better rectal DVH parameters in patients undergoing VMAT. Other toxicities did not differ significantly among the three groups, although bladder dose-volume parameters were slightly worse in the tomotherapy group than in the other groups. Despite differences in the IMRT delivery methods, X-ray energies and daily registration methods, all modalities may be used as IMRT for localized prostate cancer.     

Treatment sequence network meta-analysis in Crohn’s disease: a methodological case study

Objective: Several biologic therapies are available for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Crohn’s disease (CD). This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to assess the comparative efficacy of ustekinumab, adalimumab, vedolizumab and infliximab in the maintenance of clinical response and remission after 1?year of treatment.

Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Key outcomes of interest were clinical response (CD activity index [CDAI] reduction of 100 points; CDAI-100) and remission (CDAI score under 150 points; CDAI < 150). A treatment sequence Bayesian NMA was conducted to account for the re-randomization of patients based on different clinical definitions, the lack of similarity of the common comparator for each trial and the full treatment pathway from the induction phase onwards.

Results: Thirteen RCTs were identified. Ustekinumab 90?mg q8w was associated with statistically significant improvement in clinical response relative to placebo and vedolizumab 300?mg. For clinical remission, ustekinumab 90?mg q8w was associated with statistically significant improvement relative to placebo and vedolizumab 300?mg q8w. Findings from sub-population analyses had similar results but were not statistically significant.

Conclusions: The NMA suggest that ustekinumab is associated with the highest likelihood of reaching response or remission at 1?year compared with placebo, adalimumab and vedolizumab. Results should be interpreted with caution because this is a novel methodology; however, the treatment sequence analysis may be the most methodologically sound analysis to derive estimates of comparative efficacy in CD in the absence of head-to-head evidence.