Acupuncture anesthesia and analgesia for clinical acute pain in Japan

Acupuncture anesthesia has been practiced in China since about 1960. In Japan, Hyodo reported 30 cases of acupuncture anesthesia in 1972. However, from around 1980, the direction of acupuncture investigations turned from anesthesia to analgesia. Acupuncture analgesia is presently considered a way to activate the body's endogenous analgesic system. Recently, with the rise of acupuncture as one of the most well known CAM therapies, acupuncture or moxibustion treatment has been reported for both acute and chronic pain. Even so, few clinical reports and original articles have been reported in Japan. This review illustrates how acupuncture is being used in Japan for acute pain such as surgical operations, post- operative pain (POP), neuropathic pain, pain associated with teeth extractions and after the extraction of impacted wisdom teeth.     

伴t(8;21)M2型急性髓系白血病患者c-kit和JAK2基因突变分析

目的 研究伴t(8;21)M2型成人急性髓系白血病(AML)患者蛋向酪氨酸激酶家族中c-kit和JAK2基因突变的发生情况、临床特征与预后的关系.方法 采用PCR扩增产物直接测序法检测78例伴t(8;21)M2患者中c-kit基因8号与17号外显子的突变情况;采用等位基因特异性PCR方法 检测患者JAK2 V617F的发生情况.结果 ①78例伴t(8;21)M2患者中27例(34.6%)检测出c-kit基因突变(mac-kit),6例(7.7%)检出JAK2 V617F突变,未见同一患者同时发生mac-kit和JAK2V617F突变. ②c-kit/JAK2 V617F突变型患者的外周血白细胞中位数为23.0(4.4～167.0)×109/L,明显高于野生型c-kit和JAK2患者[14.4(1.6-97.4)×109/L](P<0.05),两组的血红蛋白水平、血小板计数、骨髓原始细胞比例、CD117表达水平以及年龄、性别差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);c-kit突变型组患者的外周血白细胞中位数为23.1(4.4-167.0)×109/L,与野生型组[16.0(1.6-97.4)×109/L]患者相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);由于JAK2 V617F突变患者仅6例,未单独进行统计学分析. ③c-kit/JAK2 V617F突变组患者的完全缓解率与野生型组相近(分别69.6%与80.0%,P>0.05),但c-kit/JAK2 V617F突变组患者的2年持续完全缓解(CCR)率低于野生型组(分别26.7%与56.1%,P<0.05);两组患者2年总生存率的差异无统计学意义(分别为34.8%与58.6%,P>0.05).结论 蛋白酪氨酸激酶家族的c-kit和JAK2基因突变在伴t(8;21)M2型AML患者中较常见,并且与白细胞数量增高相关;其中c-kit突变更为频繁,但同一类的两种突变一般不会同时出现于同一患者;伴有此类基因突变的患者复发率高,预后较差;筛查此类基凶突变对于今后的靶向治疗以及了解临床预后将有重要意义.     

中小面积烧伤患者不同时期的抑郁症状表现

目的观察中小面积烧伤患者不同时期的抑郁症状表现。方法65例中小面积烧伤患者（烧伤面积〈39%）在急性期和恢复期接受汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）调查,并与41例正常人（对照组）的测试结果比较。结果烧伤患者急性期和恢复期的大部分HAMD因子评分和总分均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05-0.01）,恢复期的抑郁情绪、入睡困难、早醒、精神性焦虑、躯体性焦虑、全身症状、性症状、疑病、昼夜变化、人格解体、能力感减退、绝望感和自卑感等症状评分和总分明显高于急性期（P〈0.05~0.01）,而睡眠不深、激越、胃肠道症状、体重减轻、偏执症状和强迫症状等症状评分均明显低于急性期（P〈0.05-0.01）。结论中小面积烧伤患者发病后不同时期抑郁症状表现不完全相同,心理干预应有针对性。     

Staffing in acute hospital wards: part 2. Relationships between grade mix,staff stability and features of ward organizational environment

This paper explores relationships between grade mix, staff stability, care organization and nursing practice. The data were collected in the mid-1990s from a nationally representative sample of 100 acute hospital wards and 825 nurses. Analyses provides important insights for managers seeking to achieve the strategic aims set out in consecutive National Health Service (NHS) human resource management policies. Hypotheses about ward clinical grade mix were not well supported. Where there was rich grade mix, nurses reported better collaborative working with other disciplines and greater influence. However, it was expected that wards practising 'devolved' nursing would have a richer grade mix and that the latter would lead to more innovative practice and nurses experiencing greater job satisfaction. No evidence to support any of these hypotheses was found although the opposite scenario - a link between poor grade mix, unprogressive practice and perceived lower standards of care - was supported. Wards practising the 'devolved' system rely on adequate numbers of nurses rather than a rich grade mix, and do not necessarily provide a more stable, retentive work environment for nurses. By contrast, findings about staff stability were largely as expected. A strong link between staff stability and standards of professional nursing practice was found, indicating that staff stability is more important than a rich grade mix for achieving innovative, research-based practice. However, staff instability undermined cohesion with nurse colleagues, collaborative working with doctors, and nurses' ability to cope with the workload. Overall, both the papers demonstrate that staffing resources and prevailing ethos of care are more important predictors of care processes and job satisfaction than organizational systems. They identify the detrimental effects on nurses and their work of having few staff and a weak grade mix, and the importance of staff stability. Higher standards of nursing practice are achieved where stability is high, independently of staffing characteristics.     

抗Fas锤头状核酶阻抑小鼠急性粒-单核白血病细胞免疫逃逸的研究

为了研究抗Fas锤头状核酶对T细胞Fas表达及其凋亡的影响和探讨增强供者淋巴细胞输注时移植物抗白血病（GVL）效应的新策略，构建可有效切割Fas mRNA的锤头状核酶真核质粒，用电穿孔法将其导入小鼠CTL细胞株CTLL-2之后，借助RT—PCR和Western blot检测其Fas的表达，同时检测转染前后其胱冬酶-3（Caspase-3）活性和凋亡（Annexin V—FITC法）的改变，并用MTT法检测空白对照组、空载体转染组及pU6-RZ596转染组CTLL-2细胞的增殖情况和体外杀伤小鼠急性粒-单核白血病细胞（WEHI-3）的活性。结果表明：构建的U6嵌合型锤头状核酶RZ596在细胞内能有效切割Fas，明显降低小鼠活化CTLL-2的Fas水平，与高表达Fas配体的WEHI-3孵育后，其存活率和体外杀伤WEHI-3活性明显高于对照组。结论：抗Fas核酶能显著降低小鼠活化CTLL-2的Fas表达，使其免于WEHI-3的膜Fas配体经Fas途径所致的凋亡，并提高CTL对小鼠急性粒-单核白血病细胞的杀伤力，从而阻抑小鼠急性粒-单核白血病细胞的免疫逃逸。     

槲皮素对急性肺损伤大鼠P-选择素的影响

目的探讨槲皮素 (quercetin)对内毒素急性肺损伤 (ALI)大鼠P 选择素的影响。方法 :应用脂多糖 (LPS ,6mg/kg ,iv)复制大鼠ALI模型。选用SD大鼠 2 4只 ,随机分成盐水对照组、内毒素组、槲皮素干预组。各组大鼠均于注射LPS或生理盐水 6h后放血处死 ,然后观察肺病理改变、肺湿 /干重比 (W /D)值及动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )、值 ,放射免疫法测定血清和肺组织匀浆P 选择素浓度。结果 :注射LPS 6h后 ,W /D、肺组织匀浆MPO、血清和肺组织匀浆P 选择素含量均有显著升高 (P 0 .0 1) ,PaO2 显著降低 ;而预先给予槲皮素可显著缓解上述变化 (P 0 .0 1或P 0 .0 5 ) ,肺组织病理改变明显减轻。结论 :槲皮素能改善大鼠ALI时气体交换功能 ,抑制P 选择素的释放 ,对内毒素诱导的ALI有保护作用。     

Role of bioimpedance vectorial analysis in cardio-renal syndromes

The cardio-renal syndromes (CRS) are the result of complex bidirectional organ cross-talk between the heart and kidney, with tremendous overlap of diseases such as coronary heart disease, heart failure (HF), and renal dysfunction in the same patient. Volume overload plays an important role in the pathophysiology of CRS. The appropriate treatment of overhydration, particularly in HF and in chronic kidney disease, has been associated with improved outcomes and blood pressure control. Clinical examination alone is often insufficient for accurate assessment of volume status because significant volume overload can exist even in the absence of peripheral or pulmonary edema on physical examination or radiography. Bioelectrical impedance techniques increasingly are being used in the management of patients with HF and those on chronic dialysis. These methods provide more objective estimates of volume status in such patients. Used in conjunction with standard clinical assessment and biomarkers such as the natriuretic peptides, bioimpedance analysis may be useful in guiding pharmacologic and ultrafiltration therapies and subsequently restoring such patients to a euvolemic or optivolemic state. In this article, we review the use of these techniques in CRS.     

Bench-to-bedside review: Acute respiratory distress syndrome – how neutrophils migrate into the lung

Acute lung injury and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome, are major challenges in critically ill patients. Activation of circulating neutrophils and transmigration into the alveolar airspace are associated with development of acute lung injury, and inhibitors of neutrophil recruitment attenuate lung damage in many experimental models. The molecular mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment in the lung differ fundamentally from those in other tissues. Distinct signals appear to regulate neutrophil passage from the intravascular into the interstitial and alveolar compartments. Entry into the alveolar compartment is under the control of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)2 and its ligands (CXC chemokine ligand [CXCL]1–8). The mechanisms that govern neutrophil sequestration into the vascular compartment of the lung involve changes in the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion molecules, including selectins, β₂ integrins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. The mechanisms of neutrophil entry into the lung interstitial space are currently unknown. This review summarizes mechanisms of neutrophil trafficking in the inflamed lung and their relevance to lung injury.