成人髋臼发育不良的诊断及治疗进展

成人髋关节发育不良最终将发展为髋关节骨关节炎产生严重功能障碍,其治疗方式的选择因患者年龄及临床症状而不同,一直是髋关节外科领域争论的焦点。目前临床对于成人髋关节发育不良的治疗方法较多,对于年轻的早、中期患者可采取各种类型的重建性骨盆截骨手术,以达到缓解疼痛及阻断或延缓继发性骨关节炎病理进程的目的;对于晚期病例目前主要以关节置换为主,重建患者的髋关节正常生理功能。本文通过应用计算机检索Pub Med数据库及中国期刊网全文数据库2000年1月~2014年5月有关成人髋关节发育不良等方面的文章,排除重复性研究,共保留20篇文献进行综述,就髋关节发育不良的病因、发病机制、诊断及治疗等最新研究进展作一综述。     

Removing a Well-Fixed Nonmodular Large-Bearing Cementless Acetabular Component : A Simple Modification of an Existing Removal Device

Removing well-fixed cementless acetabular components while minimizing bone loss has been facilitated by the use of a removal device featuring sharp curved gouges, specific to the outside diameter of the existing acetabular shell, mated to a femoral head designed to sit inside the acetabular liner. Nonmodular acetabular components with inner bearing diameters greater than 36 mm are to date not accommodated by femoral head sizes in this system. A simple modification, placement of a bipolar head matching the inner diameter of the fixed shell, allows use of this removal device for nonmodular shells.     

导航技术辅助髋臼区肿瘤保肢手术治疗的初步应用

摘要 背景：下肢的不等长可以影响肢体保肢手术的疗效。即便是在手术中可以通过术中透视监测,如何做到手术后肢体的等长仍是一个难以把握的问题,尤其是髋臼区域恶性肿瘤的保肢术,。计算机辅助下,导航技术的发展,使手术中在导航的指导下,精确截骨,准确安放假体,减少髋臼区恶性肿瘤保肢术后下肢的不等长有了可能。 目的：回顾总结在计算机导航系统的指导下髋臼区恶性肿瘤保肢术的疗效。 方法：从2001年1月至2009年6月,有11例骨盆髋臼区的恶性肿瘤病人,肿瘤切除后用定制型的假体重建。其中,8例病人（5例男性,3例女性）平均年龄33岁（24－56岁）,进行常规的保肢手术。在此8例病人中,有6例病理诊断为软骨肉瘤,还有两例为骨肉瘤。另外的3例病人（1例男性,2例女性）平均年龄42岁（35－49岁）,在计算机导航技术辅助下手术治疗。在此3例病人中,有2例病理诊断为软骨肉瘤,还有1例为骨肉瘤。所有的骨盆恶性肿瘤的切除范围位于髋臼周围区（骨盆II 区）。所有病人手术后予以临床、影像学检查并予以下肢保肢功能的MSTS 评分。平均随访期32月（12－60月）。 结果：经常规手术的8例病人,平均手术时间7.6小时（6－10小时）,平均失血量2400ml（1500－3500ml）。有1例病人因肺部转移而在手术后3年死亡,1例病人因局部复发而行截肢术。除去这2例病人,术后有3例病人的髋臼假体的移位超过2cm而形成下肢不等长。MSTS评分平均20.3分（68％）。在计算机导航技术辅助下手术治疗的3例病人,平均手术时间8.3小时（7－10小时）,平均失血量2100ml（1000－3200ml）。术后没有病人的髋臼假体的移位超过2cm而形成下肢不等长。MSTS评分平均21.7分（72％）。 结论：在计算机导航系统的指导下,进行髋臼区恶性肿瘤的保肢手术,可以精确截骨,准确安放假体,减少髋臼区恶性肿瘤保肢术后下肢的不等长, 提高患肢的功能。     

Evaluation of damage to trabecular bone of the osteoporotic human acetabulum at small strains using nonlinear micro-finite element analyses

Background With advance of age, alterations in bone quality, quantity and microarchitecture render osteoporotic trabecular bone become more sensitive to local failure. The aims of the present study were to clarify the extent to which the distribution of tissue-level stresses and strains was affected by structural changes and the extent to which osteoporotic acetabular trabecular bone was damaged at small strains. Methods Using a DAWING 4000A supercomputer, nonlinear micro-finite element （μFE） analyses were performed to calculate the tissue-level strains and stresses for each element in the trabecular bone of one osteoporotic acetabulum at small strains to quantify the tissue-level damage accumulation and mechanical properties. Results In contour plots of the tissue, maximum principal logarithmic strains, high tissue-level strains, both compressive and tensile, were observed in the osteoporotic trabecular bone at small apparent strains from 0.2% to 0.5% strain. The compressive apparent stress-strain curve showed typical nonlinear behavior and tangent modulus reduction with increasing strains. The microdamage curve suggested that microdamage began at 0.2% apparent strain in the osteoporotic trabecular bone and increased sharply, although very few microfractures occurred. The quartiles of the maximum principal logarithmic strains, minimum principal logarithmic strains and Von Mises stresses increased nonlinearly. For the inter-quartile range of the Von Mises stresses, a leap occurred at small strains ranging from 0.2% to 0.3% while microdamage commenced. Conclusions Extensive microdamage was primarily responsible for the large loss in apparent mechanical properties that occurred in the trabecular bone of the osteoporotic acetabulum at small strains. With increasing apparent strains, continuous nonlinear increments of tissue-level strains and stresses resulted in microdamage that propagated throughout the specimen with very few microfractures. Chin Med J 2009; 122（17）：2041-204 7     

Removal of the well-fixed hip resurfacing acetabular component: a simple, bone preserving technique

Removal of the acetabular component of a hip resurfacing prosthesis is occasionally necessary for infection, malposition, metal sensitivity, wear, or as a necessary part of a femoral revision. Extraction of a well-fixed acetabular component can be technically demanding as it is often extremely well integrated into host bone and can result in catastrophic bone loss or fracture. We present an undescribed, simple technique that enables use of the Explant system (Zimmer, Warsaw, Ind) to remove the component with minimal bone loss and reduce fracture risk. Bone stock is therefore preserved for subsequent cup reimplantation.     

Surgical stabilization of acetabular injuries: approaches and methods

Surgical approaches to the acetabulum are key to providing adequate exposure and reduction of fracture fragments thereby restoring articular congruity. Here, we discuss both the anterior and the posterior approaches in common practice but also the techniques available to help achieve reduction.     

Paediatric acetabular fractures

Paediatric acetabular fractures are rare entities commonly occurring in conjunction with pelvic ring injuries in the context of high-energy trauma. It is important to have a high index of suspicion for extra-pelvic injuries associated with acetabular fractures. Classification of these injuries can be difficult due to the transitional nature of the acetabulum in the immature skeleton and a variety of imaging modalities may be required for diagnosis. Paediatric acetabular fractures can cause significant long-term morbidity for the patient and a multi-disciplinary approach is required for management of these injuries. This article outlines the underlying anatomy of the paediatric acetabulum together with assessment and diagnosis of these rare injuries and discusses management of the various patterns of injury encountered in clinical practice.     

改良Stoppa入路

Stoppa入路治疗骨盆髋臼骨折以来,其安全、方便等优点逐渐被广大医生所接受,特别是近年来对此入路的应用以及相关内植物的研究达到了空前的进步。大量文献报道通过此单一入路运用特殊的内植物治疗复杂骨盆髋臼骨折能够取得满意的临床疗效,说明Stoppa入路的发展为复杂骨盆髋臼骨折的治疗提供了一个重要的辅助手段。     

手术治疗复杂性髋臼骨折的材料和方法

近年来,髋臼骨折发生率逐年上升,尤其复杂性骨折多需手术治疗。本文综述了复杂性髋臼骨折常用和改良的4种手术入路,比较其适应的骨折类型,优缺点及操作要领、细则;总结了近年来用于髋臼骨折所采用的手术材料及固定方法,如钛制重建钢板及钛钉、髋臼三维记忆内固定系统、钢缆捆扎固定法、金属臼杯半球形钢板固定等,比较其操作方法的难易和强度、坚韧度、手术内固定的要领。最后,本文对髋臼骨折手术时机进行探讨。     

三维CT重建在评价发育性髋关节脱位髋臼形态中的应用

目的探讨螺旋三维CT重建（3D—CT）对发育性髋关节脱位（DDH）髋臼形态改变的应用价值。方法选择47例3岁以下DDH惠儿,行三维CT重建检查观察髋臼的病理形态,从髋臼的前、后、外、下多个平面分别测量前外侧臼唇角（ALAL）、侧面髋臼上缘倾斜度（LAI）、髋臼前倾角（AA）和髋臼横向旋转角（TRA）等参数。结果DDH患儿异常侧的ALAL、LAI、AA和TRA均大于正常侧（P〈0．05）,各项参数均较正常侧具有显著性差异。正常侧髋臼的髋臼横向旋转角TRA,〈18个月组平均为（12．37．4-4．54）°,≥18个月组平均为（12．91±4．35）°,P=0．324,差异无统计学意义;而脱位侧髋臼的髋臼横向旋转角TRA,〈18个月组平均为（24．50±4．21）°,≥18个月组平均为（23．03±5．11）°,P=0．043,有显著性差异。结论三维CT测量对揭示DDH时髋关节的病理改变具有重要临床应用价值。