张永华教授应用半夏类方治疗不寐的临证经验

[目的]总结浙江省名中医张永华教授应用半夏类方治疗不寐的临证经验,提高不寐的临床疗效。[方法]通过跟师学习,记录和整理张永华教授运用半夏类方治疗不寐的医案,结合相关古籍资料及现代文献研究,研究半夏类方所主不寐的病机、半夏体质的主要特征以及半夏类方的应用,最终分析总结张永华教授运用半夏类方辨证治疗不寐的临床经验,并通过验案佐证。[结果]张永华教授认为,不寐的病机与中焦不畅、阳不入阴有关,而半夏具有化痰降逆、通利中焦等功效。通过配伍,半夏秫米汤、半夏枯草煎、半夏厚朴汤、黄连温胆汤、半夏泻心汤等半夏类方可通过化痰降逆、通利中焦、调和阴阳,发挥治疗不寐的效果。所举医案,患者为胆胃不和、痰热中阻之不寐,治以理气化痰、清热安神之法,依次以半夏类方黄连温胆汤及黄连温胆汤合半夏厚朴汤加减治疗,效果明确。[结论]张永华教授运用半夏类方药辨治属半夏体质的不寐疗效显著,经验值得临床传承及推广学习。     

质和量角度的小儿少阳体质探讨

[目的]探讨三种小儿体质学说的形成发展及特点,进而从质和量的角度来阐述小儿之体属少阳之说的本质及其病理生理特点,并且指导临床用药。[方法]通过相关文献检索,查阅历代儿科典籍,概述小儿体质学说的源流及特点,并结合小儿临床表现,研究几种小儿体质学说的实质内涵,进而重点从质和量的角度深入剖析小儿少阳体质的生理特点及发病特点,并在此基础上提出临床用药原则。[结果]小儿体质是历代医家研究的重点,阐述小儿体质的学说大概有三种,纯阳、稚阴稚阳以及少阳,这些看似对立的观点事实上是从不同侧面对小儿体质的表达,纯阳言质,稚阳言量,少阳统括质量。小儿体质从生理而言符合少阳为生发之阳的特点,少阳容易化寒化热、化虚化实的特点正与小儿易寒易热、易虚易实的病理变化相符。从对临床用药的指导意义上来看,从其量而言则不可过寒,从其质而言则不可过热,应当兼顾质和量,故应遵从清补调中、中病即止、重视早期诊治的几个原则。[结论]从质和量的角度探讨小儿体质的问题,最终从少阳体质的角度来统一认识,为理解历代各流派医家对小儿体质认识提供了一种思路,有利于更深刻地整体把握小儿体质,并对儿科临床用药具有指导意义,应不断探索研究。     

从圆运动理论治疗不寐

人体的气机通过降、沉、升、浮,如环无端不停地进行圆运动。人体中焦轴轮不利,气机升、降、浮、沉失和,脏腑阴阳失交,便会引起圆运动运转失常,从而产生不寐。治疗应以"复圆"为原则,顺应圆运动的规律,恢复人体气机、调整脏腑阴阳,阴平阳秘,气血调和,神安则寐。在临床上,可将不寐分为心阴不足证、肾阳亏虚证、肝阳不足证、脾胃失和证,其中,心阴不足证治以滋阴降火、安神定志,方选天王补心丹合交泰丸加减;肾阳亏虚证治以温补肾阳、宁心安神,方选附子汤合桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤加减;肝阳不足证治以养肝镇惊、安神定志,采用"升肝降胆"之法,方选酸枣仁汤加减;脾胃失和证治以补阳泻阴、宁心安神,方选补脾胃泻阴火升阳汤加减。     

任青玲运用滋阴补阳序贯法治疗多囊卵巢综合征伴胰岛素抵抗

肾为天癸之源、气血之根,女子以血为主,经、孕、产、乳皆以血为用。月经来潮及其周期性演变需在心肾交济、肝脾协调的整体配合下周而复始地完成。心肾燮理阴阳,肝脾协调气血,气血阴阳调摄有度,月经周期圆运动才能节律适常。故本病的治疗以心肾为核心,辨证论治兼调四脏,使得阴平阳秘,达到调经促孕的目的。任青玲教授在补养心肾调周法的基础上提出滋阴补阳序贯法,结合卵巢局部发生胰岛素抵抗的表现是卵巢局部“痰浊”的特点,对于多囊卵巢综合征伴胰岛素抵抗的治疗强调经前期以补阳为主,常用右归饮;经后期以滋阴为要,常用滋肾生肝饮;经间期温化痰湿以治标,常用苍附导痰汤。治疗上以补肾为主,兼以化痰、疏肝、活血等方法,配合周期不同阶段用药,使治疗更具有针对性。     

《素问纠略》作者、版本考

《素问纠略》一书的作者及版本历来说法不一。《明史》记为杨慎,但考查杨慎文集《升庵全集》《升庵外集》均不见此书;丹波元胤《中国医籍考》认为此书应是朱丹溪所作。本文就此提出疑问,考查杨慎著述的主客观条件。首先,从史传及杨慎诗文中可知,他曾研习医籍,知晓医理,其医学著作《男女脉位图说》序文更反映了他欲纠辨古人的愿望,是为他著《素问纠略》的主观条件或内部条件;其次,杨慎晚年贬谪至西南地区,恶病缠身,曾学医自疗,且喜好上山采药,这为他创作《素问纠略》提供了外部条件;加之同僚何宇度、名医何时希的记载为旁证,杨慎著《素问纠略》三卷是成立的。而针对杨慎文集不见此书,一卷本著者题为朱丹溪、周木等人的事实,本文认为是版本不一所致。即:名为《素问纠略》的医书实有两个版本:其一为前述杨慎所著的三卷本,已经亡佚;其二为周木辑佚或假托元代朱震亨所作的《素问纠略》一卷本,现存抄本。由此,《素问纠略》作者及版本问题得以澄清。     

Neuroimagerie de l’insight dans la schizophrénie : revue de la littérature

ObjectivesInsight in psychiatry has been defined and conceptualized in a number of ways but none of them was found to be self-explanatory. There has been an exponential rise in studies of insight, in part accelerated by the availability of several psychometric scales for measuring insight. Lack of insight has been associated in schizophrenia with low treatment adherence, a high number of relapses, increased number of hospital admissions, and subsequently poorer psychological and cognitive functioning. For this reason, there is considerable interest in understanding the underlying neural mechanisms of insight, which may have important implications for the development of future insight-oriented neuro-psychiatric treatment. Neuroimaging may be considered an important technique to help understand the anatomical, functional and metabolic neurocircuitry underlying poor insight in schizophrenia. Growing neuroimaging research provides evidence for underlying brain impairment in insight deficits in schizophrenia. In order to expose a panoramic view to the readers, this article reviews the neuroimaging studies conducted to date, which have investigated the neural bases of insight in schizophrenia.MethodsElectronic searches were performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Sciencedirect and Web of Science databases, using the following keywords: Imaging; neuroimaging; Positron Emission Tomography (PET); spectroscopy; functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT); Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM); Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI); Computed Tomography (CT); Insight; schizophrenia; awareness of illness. Searches were also performed from the references of the systematic review articles on neurobiological correlates of insight in schizophrenia. Animal studies and single case reports were excluded. Twenty-five articles were selected for the present review. From these; 12 used structural MRI; 6 used VBM; 3 used fMRI; 2 used CT; 1 used DTI and 1 used VBM combined to DTI.ResultsThe search showed that studies in this area were published recently and that the neuroanatomic substrate of insight in schizophrenia has not yet been consolidated. This inconsistency could arise from the complex nature of insight and the use of a variety of insight assessments. Most of the studies analyzed in this review used structural neuroimaging techniques to assess brain abnormalities associated with poor insight. The functional neuroanatomy of insight has only recently been investigated and to our knowledge, there are only 3 studies that have examined brain activity with fMRI in relation to insight in schizophrenia.ConclusionThis review investigated the neural deficiencies underlying poor insight in schizophrenic patients. In spite of methodological differences among studies, results provide evidence of structural and functional brain abnormalities in frontal, parietal and temporal region related to insight deficits. Some studies have found a hemispheric asymmetry in relationship to poor in insight (the majority of brain abnormalities concern the right hemisphere). In addition, growing research indicated that the prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulated cortex, the insula, the precuneus and the cerebellum can also underlying insight in schizophrenia. It is interesting to mention that some authors have suggested that each dimension of insight can be specifically linked to certain brain structures. Taking together, data on the neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of clinical insight suggested that lack of insight in schizophrenia could be conceived as a neurocognitive deficit, analogously to anosognosia in brain injury and dementia. On the contrary, to date, the neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive insight have been scarcely studied. Only two studies reported that Self-reflectiveness was positively related to gray matter volume of the right ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex, the BCIS composite index was positively correlated with total left hippocampal volume, and Self-certainty was inversely correlated with bilateral hippocampal volumes. However, it is important to note that neuroimaging research on cognitive insight in schizophrenia is in a preliminary, and the results on this are inconclusive. Further research is needed to better understand the causal relationships between brain abnormalities and degradation of insight in schizophrenia.     

Pantomography of Flat Layers

The effects of in vivo zinc deficiency and restricted food intake, on the in vitro synthesis of glycosaminoglycans of rib cartilage were studied in the rat. ³⁵S-sulfate and ¹⁴C-glucosamine were used as precursors. The glycosaminoglycans were separated on microcolumns and specific radioactivities determined for the different fractions.

Chemical analyses showed that zinc deficiency or reduced food intake did not cause any qualitative or quantitative changes in the glycosaminoglycans. The radioassays indicated that zinc deficiency and reduced food intake, alone or combined, caused a somewhat lowered synthetic rate of chondroitin sulfate. In the discussion it is underlined that it seems difficult to determine conclusively the importance of zinc for the formation of the mucopolysaccharides through further in vivo deficiency studies, because of the difficulties to control and evaluate the inanition factor.     

平顶山市2006～2010年居民户碘盐监测结果分析

目的分析平顶山市居民碘盐食用情况,为消除碘缺乏病(IDD)防治工作提供科学依据。方法 2006～2010年,在平顶山市,每年按照东、西、南、北、中抽取9个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)抽取4个行政村(居委会),每个行政村(居委会)抽取8户居民食用盐。采用直接滴定法检测碘盐。结果 2006～2010年共检测13 668份居民户食用盐,合格碘盐12 685份,不合格碘盐510份,非碘盐443份,碘盐覆盖率为96.54%(13 225/13 668)。碘盐合格率为96.94%(12 685/13325),合格碘盐食用率93.59%(12 685/13 668),非碘盐率3.24%(443/13 668)。结论平顶山市各县(区)居民户合格碘盐达到国家消除碘缺乏病(IDD)的控制标准,但有少数县(区)碘盐质量有待提高。在今后的工作中还应利用多种形式加大宣传IDD防治知识,对广大群众进行健康教育,增强自我防护意识,使他们能自觉抵制私盐,拒绝购买非碘盐。     

MRI-based treatment planning for brain stereotactic radiosurgery: Dosimetric validation of a learning-based pseudo-CT generation method

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-only radiotherapy treatment planning is attractive since MRI provides superior soft tissue contrast without ionizing radiation compared with computed tomography (CT). However, it requires the generation of pseudo CT from MRI images for patient setup and dose calculation. Our machine-learning-based method to generate pseudo CT images has been shown to provide pseudo CT images with excellent image quality, while its dose calculation accuracy remains an open question. In this study, we aim to investigate the accuracy of dose calculation in brain frameless stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) using pseudo CT images which are generated from MRI images using the machine learning-based method developed by our group. We retrospectively investigated a total of 19 treatment plans from 14 patients, each of whom has CT simulation and MRI images acquired during pretreatment. The dose distributions of the same treatment plans were calculated on original CT simulation images as ground truth, as well as on pseudo CT images generated from MRI images. Clinically-relevant DVH metrics and gamma analysis were extracted from both ground truth and pseudo CT results for comparison and evaluation. The side-by-side comparisons on image quality and dose distributions demonstrated very good agreement of image contrast and calculated dose between pseudo CT and original CT. The average differences in Dose-volume histogram (DVH) metrics for Planning target volume (PTVs) were less than 0.6%, and no differences in those for organs at risk at a significance level of 0.05. The average pass rate of gamma analysis was 99%. These quantitative results strongly indicate that the pseudo CT images created from MRI images using our proposed machine learning method are accurate enough to replace current CT simulation images for dose calculation in brain SRS treatment. This study also demonstrates the great potential for MRI to completely replace CT scans in the process of simulation and treatment planning.     

晚发性维生素K缺乏性颅内出血外科治疗316例

目的探讨晚发性维生素K缺乏性颅内出血的外科治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析天津市儿童医院神经外科自2000年1月至2013年12月收治并确诊的316例晚发性维生素K缺乏性颅内出血患儿的临床资料,分析手术治疗时机的选择,对比非手术治疗评价其临床治疗结果。结果316例患儿中符合外科手术指征的共167例,其中接受手术治疗的101例,平均住院时间(16±1.9)d,治愈75例,好转26例,治愈率74.3%;有手术指证但拒绝手术治疗的66例,平均住院时间为(28±1.8)d,放弃治疗10例,治愈5例,好转51例,治愈率8.93%。结论积极的手术治疗,能够明显提高晚发性维生素K缺乏性颅内出血患儿的抢救成功率,早期手术治疗较非手术治疗的患儿住院时间更少,治愈率更高。