含双酚—A和杂环结构的聚芳醚酮的合成与表征

用苯酚、苯酐和水合肼合成了4-（4-羟苯基）-2,3-二氮杂萘酮-1,并与双酚-A和二苯甲酮聚合,得到含双酚-A和杂环结构的聚醚酮聚合物。用FT-IR、^13C-NMR、DSC、TGA和DMA等方法对聚合物进行了表征。结果表明,这种可溶性的非晶态聚合物有较高的Tg和很高的耐热温度,Tg随聚合物的组成不同而变化（158-224℃）,5%热失重温度为444-541℃。     

儿童期的骨生长代谢研究

目的　探讨儿童期骨生长代谢的变化规律。方法　对成都市城区 2 2 4名 3～ 15岁健康儿童的骨生化指标、腰椎骨密度及跟骨骨小梁进行了检测和分析。结果　儿童期血清钙、磷和尿钙、磷在各年龄段无统计学上的差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;血清碱性磷酸酶 (AL P)及骨碱性磷酸酶 (BAL P)随年龄增长而增高 ,7～ 12岁时达到高峰 ,儿童期 AL P、BAL P明显高于成人 (P<0 .0 5 )。腰椎骨密度及跟骨骨小梁随年龄增长而增加。结论　儿童期反映骨生长代谢的生化指标、骨密度、跟骨骨小梁有其自身的变化规律 ,不能以成人的指标作为判断标准 ,而应采用儿童期的骨生长代谢指标来诊断和治疗儿童骨代谢性疾病     

Investigations into the effects of various hepatotoxic compounds on urinary and liver taurine levels in rats

The effect of various hepatotoxicants on urinary taurine and urinary creatine has been studied in the rat. Several hepatotoxic agents, carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, galactosamine and allyl alcohol which all caused hepatic necrosis (sometimes accompanied by steatosis), resulted in a rise in urinary taurine and in some cases creatine, when administered to rats. Ethionine and hydrazine also raised urinary taurine but caused only steatosis and did not raise urinary creatine. Therefore urinary taurine and possibly creatine may be useful markers of liver injury and dysfunction. Liver taurine levels were also affected by some of the hepatotoxicants but in those cases where there was a rise in urinary taurine this could not be accounted for by the loss in liver taurine. It is suggested that the increase in urinary taurine is partly due to changes in protein synthesis and hence in sulphur amino acid metabolism caused by hepatotoxic agents. However, bromobenzene did not increase urinary taurine and-naphthylisothiocyanate and lithocholate caused reduced levels. It is suggested that this lack of increase in urinary taurine may be due to depletion of glutathione or interference with the biliary system.     

An unidentified macromolecular inhibitory constituent of calcium oxalate crystal growth in human urine

Summary We have detected and isolated a macromolecular constituent in normal human urine possessing calcium crystal growth inhibitory activity. The purification procedure consisted of two anion exchange chromatographies and one affinity chromatography. The crystal growth inhibitor was found to be heterogeneous in net charge as well as in size. It has not been identified. It is not an uronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycan, hitherto presumed to be responsible for the inhibitory activity. Whether an urinary fragment of inter--trypsin inhibitor is responsible has yet to be resolved.     

糖尿病尿五种微量蛋白检测评估早期肾损害

目的：探讨尿五种微量蛋白测定在糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）早期诊断中的诊断价值。方法：采用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）检测３０例正常人及９８例非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者尿液;α１－微球蛋白（α－ＭＧ）,β２－微球蛋白（β２－ＭＧ）Ｔａｍｍ－Ｈｏｒｓｆａｌｌ蛋白（ＴＨＰ）,白蛋白（ＡＬｂ）及免疫球蛋白Ｇ（ＩｇＧ）含量。结果：随着ＣＣｒ值的下降,尿α１－ＭＧ,β２－ＭＧ,ＡＬｂ及ＩｇＧ排泄量逐渐增高,而     

尿白蛋白排泄率对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断意义

尿白蛋白排泄率对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断意义。方法：８６例糖尿病患者留取过夜１２ｈ尿,用放免法测定白蛋白的含量。结果：病程５年以下组测得ＵＡＥ值产高８例占１８．２％。５年以上组有１８例,升高占４２．９％。     

Effect of regular training on the anthropometric parameters and urine steroids in childhood

The changes in the anthropometric data and urine steroid metabolites caused by regular training in children in two age groups (11 and 14 years old) were investigated. The skinfolds of older girls participating in regular athletic, swimming or soccer training were thinner compared with age-matched control groups (P < 0.01) and their body mass and constitution were lower (P < 0.05). In the other groups no significant differences were observable in the anthropometric parameters. The trained children in all groups had significantly higher exercise times on the cycle ergometer (P < 0.01, in young boysP < 0.05). The strength of their hands was lower in three trained groups: in younger boys (P < 0.05), in younger girls (P < 0.01) and in older girls (right handP < 0.01, left handP < 0.05). The urinary excretion of androsterone (P < 0.02), 11-ketopregnanetriol (P < 0.01) and pregnenetriol (P < 0.02) was decreased in the older trained girls; pregnenetriol was increased in younger boys (P < 0.05). Urinary excretion of cortisol metabolites was increased in trained boys [in younger boys: tetrahydrocorticosterone (P < 0.05) and 20-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.05); in older boys allotetrahydrocortisol (P < 0.02), cortisol (P < 0.05) and 20-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.05)]. There were no significant differences in the younger girls. In the trained older girls urinary excretion of cortisol metabolites was decreased: tetrahydrocortisone (P < 0.02), allotetrahydrocorticosterone (P < 0.01), tetrahydrocortisol (P < 0.05), -cortolone (P < 0.01), cortisol (P < 0.02), 6-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.01) and 20-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.05). A multivariate analysis of the data from the trained groups and sedentary, age-matched control groups showed that regular training has a significant effect on steroid excretion.     

Comparison of measured and FTC-predicted nicotine uptake in smokers

Cigarette smokers have a wide variety of tar and nicotine yields to choose from in the current market, ranging from 0.5 mg tar and less than 0.05 mg nicotine to 27 mg tar and 1.8 mg nicotine by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method. To understand better the relationship between FTC nicotine yields and actual nicotine uptake in smokers, we have studied nicotine uptake in 33 smokers of self-selected products representing four tar groupings: 1 mg tar (1 MG), ultra-low tar (ULT), full-flavor low tar (FFLT), and full flavor (FF) cigarettes. These cigarette categories had mean FTC nicotine yields of 0.14, 0.49, 0.67, and 1.13 mg/cigarette, respectively. The subjects smoked their usual brand of cigarette ad libitum and provided a 24-h urine sample for total nicotine uptake analysis over a period during which the number of cigarettes smoked was recorded. Nicotine uptake was determined by monitoring urinary nicotine and its metabolites, including the glucuronide conjugates. Daily nicotine uptake was 9.1±7.3 mg (range 1–21 mg) for 1 MG, 19.2±10.0 mg (range 4–42 mg) for ULT, 21.8±9.4 mg (range 13–38 mg) for FFLT, and 37.1±14.4 mg (range 21–60 mg) for FF smokers. On a per cigarette basis, yields were 0.23±0.11, 0.56±0.23, 0.60±0.18, and 1.19±0.43 mg nicotine, respectively. Although individual variability was fairly large (CVs of 0.39–0.80), means for the different groups showed that lower FTC yield smokers not only absorb less nicotine per 24-h period, but also per cigarette smoked. These data suggest that nicotine uptake is a function of individual smoking behavior within product design limits. We conclude from these data that, while FTC yield cannot precisely predict nicotine uptake for an individual smoker, it is useful in predicting and comparing actual nicotine uptake by smokers who select cigarettes with a particular FTC yield.     

A multinational study of the relationships between nighttime urinary melatonin production, age, gender, body size, and latitude

Overnight urines were collected each month for 12–16 months from 321 normal subjects at 19 medical centers in 14 countries distributed on 5 continents at latitudes from 31 01 South to 77 00 North. Mean melatonin concentration was found to negatively correlate with age, weight, and height. When the sexes were considered separately melatonin only correlated with age for female and with age and weight for males. A weak correlation with latitude, but not longitude, was also found. Received: 26 February 1998 / Accepted: 9 September 1999