心脏瓣膜病合并尿毒症的手术治疗

目的研究心脏瓣膜病患者合并尿毒症时,血中钾离子、尿素氮、肌酐对实施瓣膜置换手术的影响及应对。方法对尿毒症合并心脏瓣膜疾病患者,行瓣膜置换手术,评估其手术效果,应用术前血液透析,术中体外循环充分超滤,术后根据肾功、K 情况再度血液透析。结果8例患者术后10~14 h行血液透析,3例术后18~24 h行血液透析,5例术后一周内行一次血液透析,16例患者全部康复出院。结论尿毒症伴心脏瓣膜置换术前有效血液透析、术中体外循环超滤、术后根据患者肾功能及血K 情况及时再行血液透析,对手术实施及术后恢复是有效的外科治疗方法。     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Clinical experience with icodextrin in children: ultrafiltration profiles and metabolism

Icodextrin use in adults provides sustained ultrafiltration (UF) in long-term dwells. No information is available on UF and metabolism in children. In 11 children, a volume of 1,049±138 ml/m² of the study fluid (1.36% glucose, 7.5% icodextrin, 3.86% glucose) was administered for 12 h. Net UF with icodextrin (339±147 ml/1.73 m²) did not differ from UF with 3.86% glucose (450±306 ml/1.73 m², P=0.53) and was higher than UF with 1.36% glucose (–87±239 ml/1.73 m², P=0.003). Icodextrin added 0.52±0.07 to the weekly Kt/V. Over 6 weeks, icodextrin was used for 12-h daytime dwell. Total icodextrin reached a steady-state level of 2.91±1.22 g/l at 2 weeks. The main icodextrin metabolites were maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose. After 2 weeks, steady state levels were 2.02±0.66 mmol/l, 1.46±0.35 mmol/l, and 0.45±0.12 mmol/l. No icodextrin or metabolites were detectable 4 weeks after the study. We conclude that 7.5% icodextrin is capable of maintaining UF during 12-h dwell in children and is comparable to UF obtained with 3.86% glucose. Steady-state levels of icodextrin and metabolites were reached at 2 weeks and disappeared after the study. Received: 11 November 1999 / Revised: 28 March 2000 / Accepted: 29 March 2000     

体外膜肺氧合期间超滤技术的应用

目的总结体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）中结合超滤一体化连接方法及应用效果。方法 3例重症心脏病患者,年龄57-78（69）岁,体重63-89（73.6）kg。采用Medtronic ECMO管路行ECMO心功能支持,ECMO前及ECMO期间无尿、组织脏器水肿,在ECMO管路三通板处与离心泵接负压处连接超滤。结果 3例患者在ECMO过程中滤水5 750-14 850 ml,2例患者经过ECMO辅助联合超滤治疗后36 h、42 h尿量逐渐恢复,心功能恢复后撤除ECMO,后康复出院,另1例患者ECMO辅助48 h,家属放弃治疗自动出院。结论 ECMO中结合超滤连接方法简便,排气方便彻底,滤水效果良好、安全,适合ECMO过程中同期使用。