含糖透析液对糖尿病肾病血液透析患者血压和心率变异性的影响

目的研究含糖透析液对糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血液透析（HD）中血压和心率变异性（HRV）的影响。方法选取92例接受HD治疗的DN患者,按透析液是否含糖分为：研究组（含糖透析液）45例与对照组（不含糖透析液）47例。比较两组间在透析前、中、后收缩压（SP）、舒张压（DP）、平均血压（MBP）及血糖（GLU）水平的差异。HRV时域指标（低频谱、高频谱）与频域指标（SDNN、PNN50）的差异。结果与对照组相比,研究组透析前SP、DP、MBP及GLU无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但透析中、后SP、DP、MBP及GLU较高（P〈0．01）;研究组高频谱与PNN50无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而低频谱与SDNN降低（P〈0．01）。结论含糖透析液对DN患者HD中血压和HRV影响小,不过度激活交感神经。     

含糖透析液减少维持性血液透析患者低血压发生

目的探讨含糖透析液是否可以减少维持性血液透析患者低血压的发生。方法选取长期透析伴低血压患者25例。前4周采用常规无糖透析液透析,后4周采用含糖透析液[含糖桶装无菌透析液(5.5 mmol/L)]。检测使用含糖透析液前后血压,血糖,干体重,食欲等变化,低血压发生次数。结果使用含糖透析液治疗1个月后低血压的发生率从117次降低至77次。每例患者平均发生低血压次数明显减少(P<0.01)。使用无糖透析液,透析后有6例患者发生低血糖;而使用含糖透析液后无低血糖发生。结论含糖透析液能够减少在维持性血液透析中低血压的发生。对于透析中血压波动大的患者使用含糖透析液可以稳定血压,其作用机制有待进一步研究。     

不同钙浓度透析液对血透患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的探讨低钙透析液（钙1.25mmol/L）、标准钙透析液（钙1.5mmol/L）对血液透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法选择64例维持性血液透析（MHD）合并颈动脉粥样硬化,随机分成对照组和治疗组。其中对照组接受标准钙透析液（钙1.5mmol/L）、治疗组;治疗组接受低钙透析液透析,透析当天晚餐中均嚼服碳酸钙600毫克。检测指标为检测血钙、血磷、血甲状旁腺素（PTH）水平、彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化相关指标测定。具体为每位患者每1个月测血磷、血钙,每2个月测血甲状旁腺激素,每3个月行颈动脉超声检查,观察颈动脉内膜厚度及斑块情况,共观察1年,并总结不同钙浓度透析液对血液透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响。结果对照组血钙和血磷水平逐步上升,12个月时检测值与初始值比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）;而治疗组血钙和血磷水平有所下降,但12个月时检测值与初始值比较差异不存在统计学意义（P〉0.05）。12个月时两组间血钙和血磷水平比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗组患者iPTH均值有下降趋势,但12个月时检测值与初始值比较差异没有统计学意义（P〉0.05）;而对照组患者iPTH降低,12个月时检测值与初始值比较差异存在统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组患者内中膜厚度（mm）、斑块例数（例）均出现改善,其中12个月时检测值与初始值比较差异存在统计学意义（P〈0.05）。而两组组间比较,治疗组两项检查结果的12个月时检测值要显著好于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论较低浓度的钙透析液有助于解决异位血管钙化,延缓粥样硬化进展。     

不同血液透析液生物相容性的研究进展

血液透析在提高慢性肾衰竭患者生存率的同时,也因其出现的脂质代谢紊乱、微炎症状态和营养不良,导致多种远期并发症,严重影响患者的生存时间。近年来,研究发现使用超纯血液透析液可以改善患者的脂质代谢、炎症水平和营养不良等,血液透析液的纯度与血透质量密切相关。现就国内外不同纯度血透液对慢性肾衰竭患者血脂代谢、炎症水平及营养等研究进展进行综述。     

全自动透析液集中供应系统的改进及应用

目的降低血液透析机桶装液耗材成本,提高工作效率,保证透析液浓度要求。方法研制出了安全、稳定、高效、节能的DCS-200型全自动透析液集中供应系统,此系统能自动配液、自动消毒、自动清洗、自动排放和定时循环。结果本系统为临床节省了很大的成本,提高了工作效率和效益,并且提供了稳定无污染的透析原液,保证临床治疗需要。结论全自动透析液集中供应系统有非常高的临床应用价值,比传统的A/B桶装液和分散开放供液有非常显著的优势。     

Thermal energy balance and body temperature: comparison between isolated ultrafiltration and haemodialysis at different dialysate temperatures.

BACKGROUND: Haemodynamic stability is better maintained during isolated ultrafiltration (i-UF) than during combined ultrafiltration/haemodialysis (UF + HD). This difference might be explained by differences in thermal energy balances. In this study we compared the thermal energy balance of i-UF with UF + HD at different dialysate temperatures (Td) and determined the Td at which the thermal energy balance during UF + HD is similar to the thermal energy balance during i-UF. METHODS: In the first part of the study, 10 chronic haemodialysis patients were compared during three different treatment sessions, i-UF, UF + HD at Td of 35.5 degrees C and UF + HD at Td of 37.5 degrees C. The second part of the study consisted of one session of 1 h of UF + HD (UF + HD ET-set) with a pre-set energy transfer (ET) at the same level of ET found for that particular patient during i-UF in the first part of the study. RESULTS: First part of the study: body temperature (BT) decreased significantly during i-UF (-0.25 +/- 0.25 degrees C, P<0.05) and UF + HD 35.5 degrees C (-0.24 +/- 0.18 degrees C, P<0.05) and increased significantly during UF + HD 37.5 degrees C (+0.18 +/- 0.19 degrees C, P<0.05). The differences between the change in BT during UF + HD 37.5 degrees C compared with the other treatments were significant (P<0.05). ET gave a significantly more negative value during i-UF (-30.8 +/- 3.1 W, P<0.05) than during UF + HD 35.5 degrees C (-23.6 +/- 4.1 W, P<0.05). A slightly positive ET was found during UF + HD 37.5 degrees C (+0.4 +/- 4.7 W, P=not significant). Second part of the study: there was a slight, but not significant, decrease in BT during UF + HD ET-set (-0.17 +/- 0.26 degrees C). The changes in BT did not differ significantly between i-UF and UF + HD ET-set. After 1 h of UF + HD ET-set, the mean Td was 34.75 degrees C (34.0-36.0 degrees C). The correlation between pre-dialysis BT and Td during UF + HD ET-set was significant (r=0.764, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ET gives a more negative value during i-UF than during UF + HD 35.5 degrees C and than during UF + HD 37.5 degrees C. To obtain the same thermal ET during UF + HD as that achieved during i-UF, a mean Td of 34.75 degrees C is needed, depending on the pre-dialytic BT of the patient. The results of this study may be of relevance in relation to future clinical investigations which can elucidate whether differences in vascular response between i-UF and UF + HD are only related to differences in thermal balance.     

Chemical peritonitis associated with high dialysate acetaldehyde concentrations.

BACKGROUND: During the standard heat sterilization process of lactate-buffered peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions, glucose degrades to form compounds called glucose degradation products such as acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, or glyoxal. Despite evidence that these products may be responsible for some in vitro cytotoxic effects induced by commercially available PD fluids, data on their acute or chronic effects on the human peritoneum is scarce. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This case presentation is based on an observation of 21 aseptic peritonitis cases of unknown aetiology. All cases appeared within one month in a university hospital PD unit that had a peritonitis rate of 1 episode/26 patient months and 55 active patients on CAPD. Acetaldehyde level in the bags was assayed by gas chromatography. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients presented with signs of peritonitis including cloudy dialysate and abdominal tenderness with additional abdominal pain in 11 patients and vomiting in one. In all cases, cultures and Gram stains were negative for micro-organisms. Fever was not observed in any patient. Average dialysate white blood cell count was 1795/mm(3). All patients were free of intraperitoneal medication when symptoms appeared. Patients were using PD solutions from a newly established domestic production plant. Apparently all patients with symptoms of peritonitis used bags with the same lot number and the solution in the bags appeared to be darker in colour than that in bags with other lot numbers. Chemical analysis of the unused PD solution samples revealed acetaldehyde levels of 17-20 p.p. m. in bags containing darker solution, which is very high compared with the usual acetaldehyde level of 6 p.p.m. in heat-sterilized PD solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the above findings, we hypothesize that higher levels of acetaldehyde and possibly other glucose degradation products may have been an aetiological factor in these 21 cases of chemical peritonitis. Our observation suggests that acetaldehyde, in concentrations 3-4 times higher than the usual level in commercially available PD solutions, may induce acute sterile peritonitis in CAPD patients.     

Dialysate related cytokine induction and response to recombinant human erythropoietin in haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammatory disorders or infections represent a major cause of hyporesponsiveness to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). To test the hypothesis that dialysate-related cytokine induction alters the response to rHuEpo, we conducted a prospective study with matched pairs of chronic haemodialysis patients. We compared the effect of two dialysis fluids, differing in their microbiological quality, on the rHuEpo therapy. METHODS: Thirty male patients with end-stage renal disease maintained on regular haemodialysis were assigned either to a group treated with conventional (potentially microbiologically contaminated) dialysate (group I) or to a group treated with online-produced ultrapure dialysate (group II). Randomization was stratified according to the maintenance dose of rHuEpo necessary to maintain a target haemoglobin level of 10-10.5 g/dl. Patients were followed for 12 months. Kt/V was calculated by the formula of Daugirdas. Haemoglobin levels were measured weekly and serum ferritin concentrations were determined at 6-week intervals. C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by an ELISA at the start of the study and after 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: In group I, continuous use of bicarbonate dialysate did not change the rHuEpo dosage given to achieve the target haemoglobin level and was associated with elevated surrogate markers (CRP, IL-6) of cytokine-induced inflammation. The switch from conventional to online-produced ultrapure dialysate in group II resulted in a lower bacterial contamination with a significant decrease of CRP and IL-6 blood levels. It was accompanied by a significant and sustained reduction of the rHuEpo dosage, which was required to correct the anaemia. Using multiple regression analysis, IL-6 levels are shown to have a strong predictive value for rHuEpo dosage in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that dialysate-related factors such as low bacterial contamination can induce the activation of monocytes, resulting in elevated serum levels of IL-6. Dialysate-related cytokine induction might diminish erythropoiesis. The use of pyrogen free ultrapure dialysate resulted in a better response to rHuEpo. Not only would it save money, but it would also help to maintain an optimal haemoglobin level without further increase in rHuEpo dosage.     

低钙透析液治疗维持性血液透析患者动力缺失性骨病的临床观察

目的：观察低钙透析液治疗维持性血液透析患者动力缺失性骨病的有效性和安全性以及对钙磷代谢的影响。方法：选取合并动力缺失性骨病的维持性血液透析患者31例,应用1.25mmol/L钙浓度透析液治疗12个月,观察不同时期（第1、3、6、12个月）患者血iPTH、血钙、血磷、血钙磷乘积、血红蛋白、白蛋白等指标的变化及相关不良反应。结果：所有患者治疗前血清总钙、血磷、钙磷乘积均高于NKF-K/DOQI指南推荐的目标范围,iPTH均〈100pg/ml,低钙透析液治疗1个月后患者iPTH水平较治疗前即明显升高,并随着治疗时间的延长,iPTH水平逐渐升高,治疗12个月后达到高峰,iPTH水平达到NKF-K/DOQI指南推荐的目标范围（150～300pg/ml）患者的比例随着治疗时间的延长逐渐上升;同时血清总钙、血磷、钙磷乘积水平在治疗1个月后即较治疗前均明显下降（P〈0.05）,随着治疗时间的延长下降更明显,治疗6个月后血清总钙、血磷、钙磷乘积逐渐趋于稳定。治疗前后患者血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、促红细胞生成素用量无明显差异,无明显低血压发生,低钙抽搐发生比例与普通钙（1.5mmol/L）透析液患者无明显差异。结论：低钙透析液（1.25mmol/L）能有效地治疗维持性血液透析患者的动力缺失性骨病并且有较好的安全性,同时能较好地控制血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积水平。