膜透析并发急性横膈胸膜瘘的临床分析及文献复习

目的探讨腹膜透析并发急性横膈胸膜瘘的临床特点及如何诊治。方法对1例61岁尿毒症患者行腹膜透析置管术后迅速出现急性右侧大量胸腔积液的临床诊疗经过及结果进行临床分析,并对相关文献复习。结果该例患者行胸穿抽液证实为横膈胸膜瘘,予改行血液透析治疗。结论横膈胸膜瘘导致胸腔积液是腹膜透析的少见却严重的并发症。     

可调钠血液透析降低透析失衡综合征发生率效果观察

目的 观察可调钠血液透析(下称血透)对透析失衡综合征(DDS)的影响。方法 选择128例首次行血透的病人,按抽签法随机分为两组,观察组64例行可调钠血透(血透液钠浓度起始150 mmol/L,至透析结束前30 min降为136 mmol/L);对照组64例行普通钠血透(血透液钠浓度138 mmol/L)。均严密观察两组血透前后血钠浓度和DDS发生情况。结果 观察组DDS发生率及其严重程度显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。透析前后两组血钠浓度比较,差异无显著性意义(均P>0.05)。结论 可调钠血透安全、可有效降低DDS发生率。     

重庆市8家三级医院血液透析用水和透析液细菌学横断面调查

目的了解重庆市医院透析室透析用水、透析液的内毒素及细菌污染情况。方法采集该市8家三级甲等医院透析用水及透析液标本,进行细菌培养和菌落计数;用ATi动态试管仪测定反渗水及透析液中内毒素含量。结果 8家医院透析用水细菌培养计数均≤200 CFU/mL,1家医院透析液细菌计数2 000 CFU/mL,培养出的细菌以革兰阴性菌为主;透析用水内毒素均2 EU/mL。结论目前重庆市大部分医院血液透析室的透析用水符合国家标准,但仍有部分医院透析液存在细菌污染。应定期检测透析用水、透析液中的内毒素和进行细菌培养,保障医疗安全。     

血液透析系统的基本原理及发展

详细阐述了血透机的组成和基本原理,并简单介绍了其发展方向。     

Extended daily veno-venous high-flux haemodialysis in patients with acute renal failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome using a single path batch dialysis system.

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of acute renal failure in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) are increasingly used because of excellent volume control in the presence of improved cardiovascular stability. Patients with MODS, however, are frequently catabolic and have a high urea generation rate requiring either cost-intensive high-volume CRRT or additional intermittent haemodialysis to provide adequate clearance of small-molecular waste products. We tested the closed-loop batch haemodialysis system (called Genius((R))) for the treatment of acute renal failure in patients with MODS in the intensive care unit. METHODS: Blood flow and countercurrent dialysate flow were reduced to 70 ml/min. Thus the 75 l dialysate tank of the Genius((R)) system lasts for 18 h of extended single-path high-flux haemodialysis (18 h-HFD) using polysulphous F60 S((R)) dialysers. Blood pressure, body temperature, and venous blood temperature in the extracorporeal circuit (no heating of the dialysate), ultrafiltration rate, serum urea levels, dialyser urea clearance, and total urea removal were monitored. In addition we tested the bacteriological quality of the spent dialysate at the end of 18-h treatments. RESULTS: Twenty patients with acute renal failure and MODS were investigated. Averaged dialyser urea clearance was 59.8 ml/min (equal to 3.6 l/h or 64.8 l/day). Total removal of urea was 14.1+/-6.5 g/day keeping serum levels of urea below 13 mmol/l. Mean arterial pressure remained stable during the 18-h treatments with a mean ultrafiltration rate of 120 ml/h. The temperature in the venous blood tubing dropped by 5+/-0.5 degrees C during the 18-h treatment (0.28 degrees C/h) in the presence of unchanged core temperature in the patients. There was no bacterial growth in 2.5 l of spent dialysate (<0.0004 colony forming units/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Extended high-flux dialysis using the Genius((R)) system combines the benefits of CRRT (good cardiovascular stability, sterile dialysate) with the advantages of intermittent dialysis (high urea clearance, low treatment costs). High efficiency, simplicity and flexibility of the system offers the unique opportunity to use the same dialysis machine for extended time periods (18 h) as well as for shorter intermittent renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients.     

低钙透析液对维持性血液透析患者颈动脉钙化的影响

目的:观察低钙透析液对维持性血液透析患者颈动脉钙化的影响。方法:选择30例有颈动脉粥样硬化并使用标准钙透析液(钙1.75 mmol/L)进行维持性血液透析的患者,改用低钙透析液(钙1.25 mmol/L)进行治疗。观察周期为12个月,每3个月采用多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、颈动脉血流阻力指数(R I)、颈动脉粥样斑块数量和超声分型的变化;每6个月检测血清钙、磷、镁、血清甲状旁腺素(iPTH)。结果:患者改用低钙透析液后,颈动脉IMT逐渐变薄,伴随着颈动脉R I降低。血钙、血磷及钙磷乘积明显下降(P<0.05),血iPTH明显增加(P<0.01),血镁无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:与高钙透析液相比低钙透析可有效降低维持性血液透析患者血钙水平,防止并减轻患者颈动脉钙化程度。     

腹膜透析患者钙磷代谢状况的临床分析

目的调查我院腹膜透析患者血钙、磷及甲状旁腺激素(PTH)达标情况,观察低钙透析液的治疗效果。方法横断面调查2011年12月在北京大学深圳医院规律随访腹膜透析时间大于6个月的腹膜透析患者血钙、磷及全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平。将最近6个月及6个月以上一直用普通钙腹透液(钙离子浓度为1.75mmol/L)的患者定义为普钙组,用低钙腹透液(钙离子浓度为1.25mmol/L)的患者定义为低钙组,比较两组患者各指标差异。比较低钙组患者改用低钙透析液前后钙、磷、iPTH指标变化。结果 178名腹膜透析患者血钙达标率73.6%;血磷达标率49.4%;iPTH达标率仅26.4%,53.4%患者iPTH低于目标值。低钙组患者血磷、iPTH高于普钙组(P<0.05)。用低钙透析液后患者血钙降低,血磷、iPTH升高(P<0.05)。结论腹膜透析患者血钙、磷和iPTH达标率低,半数以上患者iPTH低于目标值。对高血钙、iPTH低的患者建议使用低钙透析液,但必须同时加强降磷治疗。     

无细胞人胎肝制剂治疗大鼠实验性肝衰竭疗效机理探讨

本文观察了无细胞人胎肝制剂(胞浆液和透析液)及人胎肌和成人肝胞浆液对肝衰竭大鼠肝功能指标的影响。结果发现:①胎肝胞浆液有阻止肝损伤、改善肝脏储备功能,促进肝细胞合成代谢、增强肝脏RES功能、提高血浆Fn水平等多方面治疗作用,这些作用可能来自多种成分。②成人肝胞浆液对DNA、RNA合成无刺激作用,并显著抑制蛋白质合成。     

Calcium free hemodialysis: an effective therapy in hypercalcemic crisis — report of 4 cases

Hypercalcemic crisis respresents a medical emergency. If conservative treatment is ineffective, low calcium bath or zero calcium bath hemodialysis are good alternatives. We report 4 patients treated with calcium free acetate hemodialysis because of hypercalcemic crisis due to breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis of the liver and immobilisation with hydrochlorothiazids' medication. Following 3 h of hemodialysis, serum calcium concentrations fell from a mean value of 3.96 (range 3.53–4.46) mmol/l to 2.71 (2.28–3.12) mmol/l. In 2 patients rapid clinical improvement was achieved and in one oliguric patient diuresis started spontaneously during hemodialysis. One patient died from gram-negative sepsis. In 3 cases the subsequent conservative treatment was sufficient to maintain serum calcium levels within the normal range. Together with the previously reported cases (5 patients treated by hemodialysis with low dialysate calcium and 3 patients by hemodialysis with calcium free dialysate) our experience indicates that hemodialysis is an effective and safe therapy for hypercalcemic crisis.     

Mechanisms of Albumin Loss during Peritoneal Dialysis in Man

Abstract. Albumin loss in the dialysate was evaluated during a total of 5 peritoneal dialyses carried out on 3 uraemic patients. The measurements were made by two different methods, the first based on the evaluation in the dialysate of intravenously injected radioiodinated albumin, the second one based on a radioimmunoassay of the protein in the dialysate. The results obtained showed three main mechanisms of protein loss during peritoneal dialysis: 1) albumin shift from extravascular sites adjacent to the peritoneum, 2) direct passage of albumin from blood stream to peritoneal cavity, and 3) tendency of the inter-dialysis peritoneal fluid to equilibrate with plasma proteins. Furthermore, the observations made on a patient with evident peritonitis proved the importance of the intrinsic biological properties of the peritoneum in determining the amplitude of protein wasting by the dialysate.