老年血透患者应用含糖透析液对血糖血压临床影响疗效观察

目的探讨老年肾衰患者在血液透析中低血糖、低血压的控制措施。方法选择年龄≥65岁,生命体征平稳,无低钠血症、低糖血症,无炎症。分两次治疗。前6个月无糖透析液治疗,后6个月接受加糖A液（30g/L）治疗。结果应用含糖透析液透析1 990例次,发生低血糖反应124例次。发生低血压64例,发生低血糖合并低血压36例次,总发生率11.26%。显著低于前6个月无糖透析液治疗（P〈0.01）。结论含糖透析液可降低老年肾衰患者在透析中低血糖、低血压的发生率。     

A simplified protocol for individualized regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis: A single-center,randomized clinical study

Introduction:The lack of individualized treatment protocols and complicated procedures are important factors limiting the use of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) technology in hemodialysis. This study aims to validate the safety and efficacy of a simplified individualized RCA protocol for hemodialysis.Materials and methods:From June 2019 to August 2019, 45 patients with active bleeding or bleeding tendency undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in the Nephrology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were randomly divided into a modified conventional RCA protocol group with a low-flux dialyzer, a simplified individualized RCA protocol group with a high-flux dialyzer, and a simplified individualized RCA protocol group with a low-flux dialyzer.Results:A total of 45 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 57.38 ± 19.05 years, and 78% were men. Forty-three patients completed 4 hours of hemodialysis, and the median total clotting scores in the 3 groups were 11, 12, and 12. Compared with the modified conventional RCA protocol group with a low-flux dialyzer, the 2 simplified individualized RCA protocol groups had better clotting scores for the dialyzer, arterial bubble trap, and single-pool urea clearance index (spKt/V_BUN) and lower costs. Moreover, these parameters did not differ between the 2 simplified individualized RCA protocol groups. No electrolyte or acid–base imbalances or citrate poisoning was observed in any of the 3 groups. Adverse events did not differ significantly among the 3 groups.Conclusions:The simplified individualized RCA protocol is safe, effective, and easy to implement. Therefore, this protocol can be promoted for clinical practice.Trial Registration:This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Study Registry under registration number ChiCTR1900023801.     

Evaluation of Urea Reduction Ratio Estimated From the Integrated Value of Urea Concentrations in Spent Dialysate

We propose a new apparatus and method to estimate accurate urea reduction ratio without influence of any rebound. For this purpose, we have developed an improved version of a chemiluminescence‐based urea sensor capable of measuring urea concentration in spent dialysate (C_D) at 2‐min intervals. The correlation coefficient between the readouts of the sensor and the conventional enzyme‐UV method was 0.97 and the sensor was not affected by 9 mmol/L uric acid, creatinine, or ammonia. Using the urea sensor, C_D was measured as a function of dialysis time t during dialysis sessions for various blood flow rates. The urea reduction ratio based on the mass of the urea reduced (_mURR) was estimated from the integrated value of C_D(t). When in vitro urea concentrations are measured during a dialysis session in model blood (urea solution) at a constant volume (V) in a vessel, the plots of _mURR were congruous with theoretical curves of conventional URR calculated based on the one‐pool model, and thus the accuracy of _mURR was confirmed. On the other hand, in in vivo measurements of C_D(t) during dialysis treatment for two patients, the plots of the _mURR were not congruous with the theoretical curves of URR. Such a difference between URR and _mURR was explained by the deviation of actual dialysis from the one‐pool model, and it was concluded that _mURR might be accurate under any dialysis condition.     

血液透析系统的基本原理及发展

详细阐述了血透机的组成和基本原理,并简单介绍了其发展方向。     

Extended daily veno-venous high-flux haemodialysis in patients with acute renal failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome using a single path batch dialysis system.

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of acute renal failure in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) are increasingly used because of excellent volume control in the presence of improved cardiovascular stability. Patients with MODS, however, are frequently catabolic and have a high urea generation rate requiring either cost-intensive high-volume CRRT or additional intermittent haemodialysis to provide adequate clearance of small-molecular waste products. We tested the closed-loop batch haemodialysis system (called Genius((R))) for the treatment of acute renal failure in patients with MODS in the intensive care unit. METHODS: Blood flow and countercurrent dialysate flow were reduced to 70 ml/min. Thus the 75 l dialysate tank of the Genius((R)) system lasts for 18 h of extended single-path high-flux haemodialysis (18 h-HFD) using polysulphous F60 S((R)) dialysers. Blood pressure, body temperature, and venous blood temperature in the extracorporeal circuit (no heating of the dialysate), ultrafiltration rate, serum urea levels, dialyser urea clearance, and total urea removal were monitored. In addition we tested the bacteriological quality of the spent dialysate at the end of 18-h treatments. RESULTS: Twenty patients with acute renal failure and MODS were investigated. Averaged dialyser urea clearance was 59.8 ml/min (equal to 3.6 l/h or 64.8 l/day). Total removal of urea was 14.1+/-6.5 g/day keeping serum levels of urea below 13 mmol/l. Mean arterial pressure remained stable during the 18-h treatments with a mean ultrafiltration rate of 120 ml/h. The temperature in the venous blood tubing dropped by 5+/-0.5 degrees C during the 18-h treatment (0.28 degrees C/h) in the presence of unchanged core temperature in the patients. There was no bacterial growth in 2.5 l of spent dialysate (<0.0004 colony forming units/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Extended high-flux dialysis using the Genius((R)) system combines the benefits of CRRT (good cardiovascular stability, sterile dialysate) with the advantages of intermittent dialysis (high urea clearance, low treatment costs). High efficiency, simplicity and flexibility of the system offers the unique opportunity to use the same dialysis machine for extended time periods (18 h) as well as for shorter intermittent renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients.     

重庆市8家三级医院血液透析用水和透析液细菌学横断面调查

目的了解重庆市医院透析室透析用水、透析液的内毒素及细菌污染情况。方法采集该市8家三级甲等医院透析用水及透析液标本,进行细菌培养和菌落计数;用ATi动态试管仪测定反渗水及透析液中内毒素含量。结果 8家医院透析用水细菌培养计数均≤200 CFU/mL,1家医院透析液细菌计数2 000 CFU/mL,培养出的细菌以革兰阴性菌为主;透析用水内毒素均2 EU/mL。结论目前重庆市大部分医院血液透析室的透析用水符合国家标准,但仍有部分医院透析液存在细菌污染。应定期检测透析用水、透析液中的内毒素和进行细菌培养,保障医疗安全。     

调整腹透液钙浓度对尿毒症患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的观察调整腹透液钙浓度对持续性不卧床腹膜透析（㈣）患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法在规律性腹膜透析随访的患者中选择30例伴有颈动脉粥样硬化的患者，先予患者继续使用标准钙腹透液6个月后改用低钙腹透液（Baxter PD4：Ca^2＋1．25mmol／L，其余成分不变），同时增加碳酸钙用量，继续观察12个月，回顾分析患者的血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积及甲状旁腺素（iPTH）水平，颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）、颈动脉血流阻力指数（R1）、颈动脉粥样斑块数量和超声分型的变化。同时观察使用低钙腹透液的不适症状。结果在继续使用标准钙腹透液的6个月中，患者血钙水平逐渐增加，颈动脉IMT增厚，RI增加，差异均有统计学意义。换用低钙腹透液治疗3个月后，颈动脉IMT变薄，RI较前明显下降（P〈0．05），血钙、磷及钙磷乘积明显下降（P〈0．01），iPTH明显增加（P〈0．01）。患者碳酸钙的每日口服剂量也由（2．27±0．41）g增加至（3．35±0．22）g（P（0．05）。在随后的9个月中，血钙、钙磷乘积均稳定在正常范围，血磷降至正常，iPTH 150ng／L左右；颈动脉IMT变薄（P〈0．01）、RI下降（P〈0．01），颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的超声分型及数量变化有统计学意义。治疗过程中，1例死亡，2例自行退出，其余患者均未有明显低钙抽搐、低血压等发生。结论低钙透析能显著减轻腹膜透析患者钙磷代谢紊乱对血管的毒性作用，有助于尿毒症患者颈动脉粥样硬化的转归。     

可调钠血液透析降低透析失衡综合征发生率效果观察

目的 观察可调钠血液透析(下称血透)对透析失衡综合征(DDS)的影响。方法 选择128例首次行血透的病人,按抽签法随机分为两组,观察组64例行可调钠血透(血透液钠浓度起始150 mmol/L,至透析结束前30 min降为136 mmol/L);对照组64例行普通钠血透(血透液钠浓度138 mmol/L)。均严密观察两组血透前后血钠浓度和DDS发生情况。结果 观察组DDS发生率及其严重程度显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。透析前后两组血钠浓度比较,差异无显著性意义(均P>0.05)。结论 可调钠血透安全、可有效降低DDS发生率。