高通量血液透析联合超纯透析液对尿毒症贫血的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析联合超纯透析液在尿毒症贫血治疗中的疗效及安全性。方法选取要进行血液透析的患者43例,随机分成高通量透析组和低通量透析组,两组基本情况无显著差异,均使用德国贝朗Dia—cap超纯滤器在线产生的超纯透析液,高通量透析组使用的透析器为德国Fressenius公司生产的F60高通量透析器[材料为聚砜膜,表面积为1．3m。,超率系数为40ml／（h·mmHg）],低通量透析组采用同一家公司生产的F60低通量透器[材料为聚砜膜,表面积为1．31i3。,超滤系数为5．5ml／（h-InnHg）];每个月定期上机前取血标本,查血常规、血生化、透析前后血压,观察患者精神状态,注意患者是否有不适症状发生等。通过SPSS16．0统计软件治疗前和治疗后分析,评价治疗前后各指标变化情况。结果过高通量联合超纯透析液治疗,高通量透析组指标血红蛋白、血清铁蛋白、红细胞比容、血清肌酐、血尿素氮和B2微球蛋白（mg／L）蛋白在治疗后与低通量透析组差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论高通量血液透析联合超纯透析液对于尿毒症贫血的治疗具有积极作用,长期治疗可以改善尿毒症贫血。     

低钙透析对低甲状旁腺激素血液透析患者矿物质及骨代谢的影响

目的 低钙透析对低甲状旁腺激素血液透析患者甲状旁腺激素及骨代谢的影响。方法 选取70例血清全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid,iPTH)<100 pg/mL的维持性血液透析患者。应用1.25 mmol/L钙浓度透析液进行血液透析治疗,随访1年。常规检测生化指标——血钙、血磷、血清碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP),化学发光法检测iPTH、骨钙素(osteocalcin, OC)、I型前胶原氨基末端前肽(procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide, PINP)、β胶原蛋白(β-crosslaps, β-CTX),观察患者应用1.25 mmol/L钙浓度透析液前及应用后1、3、6、12个月时血钙、血磷、ALP、iPTH变化以及OC、PINP、β-CTX等骨代谢指标的变化。结果 1)血清iPTH浓度于应用1.25 mmol/L钙浓度透析液3个月后显著升高(P<0.001);2)更换透析液后各时间点与更换前比较,血清OC浓度、PINP浓度及β-CTX浓度于更换1个月后显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);3)OC浓度变化与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.816,P<0.001)、与基线iPTH浓度呈正相关(r=0.673,P=0.037);β-CTX浓度变化与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.718,P<0.001)、与基线iPTH浓度吴正相关(r=0.651,P=0.020);4)更换透析液前基线血清iPTH浓度(P<0.001)、糖尿病史(P=0.012)是iPTH改善的独立影响因素。结论 低钙透析可以改善低甲状旁腺激素患者iPTH浓度,升高OC、PINP及β-CTX浓度,增加骨代谢,是治疗低转运骨病的有效方法。     

低钠透析对合并顽固性高血压尿毒症患者血压和心脏功能的影响

目的探讨相对性低钠透析对合并顽固性高血压的尿毒症患者血压和心脏功能的影响及其安全性。方法将合并顽固性高血压的维持性血液透析患者80例随机分为2组,A组透析液钠离子浓度为135 mmol/L,B组透析液钠离子浓度为140 mmol/L。观察透析6周后2组患者血压、体质量、血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)、K t/v值、左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末内径(LVDd)、左室收缩末内径(LVD s)、左室射血分数(LVEF)的变化,比较2组患者透析期间不良反应的发生率。结果 A组患者在治疗后收缩压、舒张压、LAD、LVDd、LVD s和体质量较治疗前均显著降低,LVEF较治疗前显著增加,但血清尿素氮、肌酐和K t/v无显著变化。B组患者治疗后上述各项指标与治疗前比较均无显著性差异。A组患者透析时高血压的发生率显著低于B组,透析时低血压、低血糖、心律失常、透析失衡和心力衰竭发生率2组间比较无显著性差异。结论相对性低钠透析可有效降低血压和改善患者心脏功能,合并顽固性高血压的尿毒症患者短期使用安全有效。     

低钙透析液联合鲑鱼降钙素治疗血透患者高磷血症的临床研究

目的 观察低钙透析液联合鲑鱼降钙素对血透患者高磷血症的影响.方法 选取近期维持性血液透析患者中高磷血症患者40例,随机分为对照组和实验组各20例,对照组用正常钙透析液(钙离子浓度为1.5 mmol)配合碳酸钙和活性维生素D3治疗.实验组用低钙透析液(钙离子浓度为1.25 mmol)联合鲑鱼降钙素注射液同时服用碳酸钙和活性维生素D3治疗.观察治疗后第1、3、6个月时患者的血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积以及全段甲状旁腺激的水平.结果 对照组透析后,与透析1个月比较,6个月血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积均轻度增高(P＜0.05),而iPTH水平无明显变化(P＞0.05);实验组透析后,与透析1个月比较,3个月血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积均轻度减低(P＜0.05),而iPTH水平明显增高(P＜0.05);6个月血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积均轻度减低(P＜0.05),而iPTH水平趋于稳定(P＞0.05);与对照组比较,实验组患者3个月血磷、钙磷乘积均轻度减低(P＜0.05),而iPTH水平明显增高(P＜0.05);实验组患者6个月血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH均轻度减低(P＜0.05).结论 低钙透析液联合鲑鱼降钙素治疗HD患者能有效的维持血磷水平,降低钙磷乘积,而不致影响iPTH.     

腹膜透析液添加尿激酶对尿毒症并发脑梗死患者保护作用及机制

目的探讨腹膜透析液添加尿激酶对尿毒症并发脑梗死患者血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）及血浆内皮素（ET）、一氧化氮（NO）的影响。方法将60例尿毒症并发脑梗死患者随机分为腹膜透析液添加尿激酶治疗组（30例）和常规治疗组（30例）,同时选择同期年龄在40岁以上的正常人30例为健康对照组（无肝肾脑等疾病）,两治疗组基础干预相同,尿激酶治疗组在常规治疗基础上在腹膜透析液添加尿激酶,治疗8周后观察两组患者SOD、MDA、ET、NO及临床症状的变化。用比色法测定血清MDA和SOD水平,用放射免疫法测定血浆ET的变化,NO采用硝酸还原法测定。结果①治疗前与健康对照组比较,尿激酶治疗组和常规治疗组血清SOD活性降低（P〈0．05）,NO降低（P〈0．05）,MDA含量升高（P〈0．05）,血浆内ET水平升高（P〈0．01）。②治疗8周后,常规治疗组和尿激酶治疗组可降低血浆ET水平和升高NO;与常规治疗组比较,尿激酶治疗组在降低ET和升高NO方面疗效更为显著（P〈0．01）。③常规治疗组未见SOD、MDA的变化,尿激酶治疗组能够回升SOD活性,降低MDA含量,与健康对照组及常规治疗组有明显差别（P〈0．05,P〈0．05）。结论腹膜透析液添加尿激酶可降低氧化应激反应,降低血浆ET和升高NO水平,对尿毒症并发脑梗死患者有治疗作用。     

Hypertonic glucose-based peritoneal dialysate is associated with higher blood pressure and adverse haemodynamics as compared with icodextrin.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the haemodynamic effects of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) despite its widespread use in the management of end-stage renal failure. We undertook a study to delineate the haemodynamic effects of CAPD using glucose-containing fluids (1.36 and 3.86% glucose) and icodextrin. METHODS: Eight CAPD patients were recruited for a prospective crossover study. Patients attended for two investigatory days (in random order). CAPD was carried out using 1.36% followed by 3.86% glucose (buffered with lactate/bicarbonate, Physioneal) on one study day and 1.36% glucose followed by 7.5% icodextrin (Extraneal) on the other day. Dwell times were 150 min. Blood pressure (BP) and a full range of haemodynamic variables including pulse (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured non-invasively using continuous arterial pulse wave analysis. RESULTS: BP was significantly higher during 3.86% glucose dwells as compared with 1.36% glucose or icodextrin dwells (P<0.0001). TPR during all three dwells was similar; the higher blood pressure was due to an increased HR, SV and, therefore, CO during 3.86% glucose dwells. The higher blood pressure during the 3.86% glucose dwells was present despite the highest ultrafiltration volume and sodium removal. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates large magnitude haemodynamic changes in response to CAPD. In addition to the well-recognized adverse effects on blood glucose and long-term peritoneal membrane viability, CAPD fluids containing high glucose concentrations may also exert undesirable effects on systemic haemodynamics, with potential long-term consequences for patient outcomes.     

Sodium modelling and profiled ultrafiltration in conventional haemodialysis

Summary: Previous controlled studies have shown that sodium modelling may reduce intradialytic hypotension and symptoms (particularly cramp, headache and nausea) in patients on maintenance haemodialysis, and it has been proposed that decremental profiled ultrafiltration may improve haemodynamic stability. Those controlled studies of sodium modelling were flawed because sodium modelling programmes were compared to a constant sodium dialysate concentration lower than the overall mean sodium concentration during sodium modelling (the ‘true mean’). to compare sodium modelling to its true mean constant dialysate concentration and also to compare profiled ultrafiltration with constant ultrafiltration, 12 patients on conventional haemodialysis were dialysed by four regimens in random order each for 3 weeks: (i) sodium modelling (exponential decline from 150 to 140 mmol/L) and conventional (linear) ultrafiltration; (ii) sodium modelling and profiled (65% of target loss in first 2 h) ultrafiltration; (iii) constant sodium (143 mmol/L, the true mean) and conventional ultrafiltration; and (iv) constant sodium and profiled ultrafiltration. Weight gain and pre-dialysis blood pressure were no different between the four regimens. Sodium modelling had no effect on the frequency of intradialytic hypotension or need for saline administration when compared to a constant sodium dialysate of 143 mmol/L, nor improved frequency or severity of thirst, cramp, nausea and lethargy. Interdialytic headache was less severe (P<0.05) but no less frequent with sodium modelling. Profiled ultrafiltration increased the frequency of intradialytic hypotension (odds ratio 2.44, P<0.05) and did not improve symptoms except interdialytic thirst, which occurred less frequently than with linear ultrafiltration (odds ratio 0.55, P<0.05). the haemodynamics and symptoms were no better with sodium modelling and profiled ultrafiltration than with constant sodium dialysis and linear ultrafiltration, respectively. Thus, there is no justification for the routine use of sodium modelling or profiled ultrafiltration in conventional haemodialysis on the grounds of haemodynamic stability or symptom control.