无醋酸盐血液透析临床应用研究

本文对18例常规透析患者进行了无醋酸盐透析(AFHD)治疗研究,并以同期18例醋酸盐透析(AHD)患者作为对照组。结果表明,AFHD对中小分子物质以及β_2-m的清除与AHD比较无差异(P>0.05).应用KT/V,PCR,TACurca评价透析效果,证明透析充分.AHD后TNF及IL-6基因表达显著高于AFHD,TGF-β组间无差异,AHD后CD_4升高,而AFHD后CD_(?)降低。两组患者透析后SOD均降低。AFHD对磷的清除、无低氧血症,以及纠正代谢性酸中毒均优于AHD,副作用少.     

ISPD Cardiovascular and Metabolic Guidelines in Adult Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Part I – Assessment and Management of Various Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease contributes significantly to the adverse clinical outcomes of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Numerous cardiovascular risk factors play important roles in the development of various cardiovascular complications. Of these, loss of residual renal function is regarded as one of the key cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with an increased mortality and cardiovascular death. It is also recognized that PD solutions may incur significant adverse metabolic effects in PD patients. The International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) commissioned a global workgroup in 2012 to formulate a series of recommendations regarding lifestyle modification, assessment and management of various cardiovascular risk factors, as well as management of the various cardiovascular complications including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia (specifically atrial fibrillation), cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease and sudden cardiac death, to be published in 2 guideline documents. This publication forms the first part of the guideline documents and includes recommendations on assessment and management of various cardiovascular risk factors. The documents are intended to serve as a global clinical practice guideline for clinicians who look after PD patients. The ISPD workgroup also identifies areas where evidence is lacking and further research is needed.     

Effects of Low Sodium Dialysate in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: An Echocardiographic Study

Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients who cannot restrict sodium consumption in their diets sometimes develop significant saline excess and hypertension between dialyses. This study assessed the effect of relatively low sodium dialysate dialysis on changes of echocardiography in hemodialysis patients. Methods and Results. Eighteen patients with end stage renal failure on chronic HD were studied (8 females, 10 males) with a mean age 48.3 ± 14.6 (24–70) years. The mean time on HD was 30.8 ± 14.0 (12–60) months. Patients with hematocrit levels under 24% were excluded from the study. In all patients, echocardiography was performed thrice weekly before and after eight-week HD treatment with low sodium dialysate hemodialysis by the same operator (135 mEq/L for patients with sodium levels less than 137, 137 for patients with sodium levels over 137). Left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) volumes and ejection fractions were measured, specifically: LV systolic diameter (LVSD), LV diastolic diameter (LVDD), interventricular septum (IVS), tricuspid regurgitation (TR), mitral regurgitation (MR), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), and inferior vein cava diameter (IVCD). Results. In terms of echocardiographic parameters, LVSD, TR, PAP, and IVCD were statistically decreased after low-sodium dialysate treatments (p?=?0.002, 0.04, 0.013, and 0.00, respectively). Predialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), post-dialysis systolic blood pressure, and interdialytic weight gain was statistically decreased when compared to basal levels (p?=?0.00, p?=?0.011, p?=?0.022, p?=?0.001, respectively). Conclusion A reduction of the dialysate sodium concentration based on the predialysis sodium levels of the patients could reduce the systolic BP and decrease the volume load on the heart as assessed by echocardiography. Within this short period, postdialysis diastolic BP could not be lowered. The effect of this approach should be studied in broad and lengthy series.     

含糖透析液对维持性血液透析患者血糖、血压及代谢的影响

目的 探讨含糖透析液对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者血糖、血压及代谢的影响.方法 选择西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院血液净化科MHD患者50例,采用数字表法随机分为无糖透析液组、含糖透析液组,血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)时分别使用无糖透析液和葡萄糖浓度为5.5 mmol/L的含糖透析液,持续观察3个月,并检测患者每次透析开始、透析2h、透析结束时血糖和血压,及观察期前后的血清白蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、血脂等指标.结果 无糖透析液组低血糖和低血压的发生率均高于含糖透析液组(P＜0.05),两组患者透析各时间点血糖水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者在观察期前与观察期结束后血清白蛋白水平、糖化血红蛋白、血脂等差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者应用葡萄糖浓度为5.5 mmol/L的含糖透析液能降低透析过程中低血糖和低血压的发生率,且不影响血清白蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、血脂等指标,具有安全性、可靠性.     

鲑鱼降钙素联合低钙透析液治疗血透患者高磷血症的临床研究

目的：探讨低钙透析液联合鲑鱼降钙素对维持血透（Maintenance hemodialysis, MHD）患者高磷血症的影响。方法选取我院近期维持性血液透析患者中高磷血症患者40例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组21例,给予常规钙透析液＋活性维生素D3治疗;试验组19例,给予低钙透析液联合鲑鱼降钙素注射液治疗。观察两组患者治疗后第3、6个月时血清钙磷代谢等指标有无差别。结果对照组治疗后血清钙较治疗前无明显变化（P＞0.05）,但血磷和甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）较透析前明显增加（P〈0.05）;试验组治疗后血清钙、iPTH无明显变化（P＞0.05）,血磷显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论鲑鱼降钙素联合低钙透析液治疗MHD能有效降低患者血磷水平且不致影响iPTH。     

低钙透析液对低转运性骨病患者PTH和BGP的影响及与骨质疏松及血管钙化的关系

目的探讨低钙透析液对低转运性骨病患者甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)和骨钙素(osteocalcin,BGP)的影响,并分析其与骨质疏松及血管钙化的关系。方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月在本院使用普钙(1.5 mmol/L)进行维持性血液透析(MHD)6个月以上的180例肾性骨病患者作为研究对象,根据是否为低转运性骨病将其分为低转运性骨病组和非低转运性骨病组,分别为60例和120例,对比两组患者血清PTH、BGP水平、骨密度和冠状动脉血管钙化情况。后对低转运性骨病组中合并冠状动脉血管钙化者改用1.25 mmol/L透析液,观察患者发生低血压、心律失常、肌肉痉挛等不良反应情况以评估其安全性;对比更换前、更换后第1、3、6个月患者血清PTH、BGP水平、骨密度和冠状动脉血管钙化情况。结果与非低转运性骨病比较,低转运性骨病血清PTH、BGP及BMD降低,但CACS则明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。绘制ROC图分析得知,PTH在低转运性骨病和非低转运性骨病鉴别诊断中有一定价值;与之比较,PTH联合检测鉴别诊断效能提高,以PTH、BGP、BMD及CACS四者联合效能最高。更换低钙透析液总不良反应率分别为20.00%和25.00%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(χ^2=0.430,P=0.512)。与更换前比较,更换后低转运性骨病血清PTH、BGP及BMD升高,但CACS则明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与无心血管事件者比较,心血管事件发生者PTH、BGP和BMD明显降低,但CACS则相对升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论低钙透析液可明显升高低转运性骨病患者血清PTH和BGP水平,改善骨质疏松和血管钙化,从而降低心血管事件发生率。     

低钙透析液对血液透析患者钙磷代谢的长期影响

目的 观察长期应用钙离子浓度为1.25 mmol/L的低钙透析液(LCaD)对血液透析患者钙磷代谢的影响.方法 本研究共纳入38例稳定透析患者,以1.25 mmol/L钙浓度透析液替换原使用的1.75mmol/L钙浓度透析液(HCaD),回顾性观察使用低钙透析液2年后患者血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积、全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)等指标的变化.结果 与高钙透析液相比,整体观察,采用低钙透析液后患者血钙水平降低[HCaD(2.32±0.23)mmol/L,LCaD(2.21±0.24)mmoI/L;t=2.286,P=0.028],iPTH水平明显升高[HCaD(20.92±16.04)pmoL/L,LCaD(40.02±30.55)pmoL/L;t=-4.029,P=0.000],血磷及钙磷乘积变化不明显.按照基点处iPTH水平分组观察,低iPTH组(iPTH＜11.0 pmol/L)患者的血钙水平较前下降[HCaD(2.46±0.19)mmoL/L,LCaD(2.11±0.23)mmol/L;t=4.047,P=0.002],钙磷乘积下降[HCaD(4.75±1.66)mmol2/L2,LCaD(3.54±0.77)mmol2/L2;t=3.784,P=0.004],血磷保持稳定,iPTH水平中度升高[HCaD(5.67±2.84)pmol/L;LCaD(27.72±27.79)pmol/L;t=-2.490,P:0.032].高iPTH组(iPTH≥11.0 pmol/L)患者的血钙、血磷及钙磷乘积未见显著差异,iPTH水平显著升高[HCaD(27.15±15.43)pmol/L,LCaD(45.03±30.68)pmol/L;t=-3.138,P=0.004].按照基点处血钙水平分组观察,低血钙组(Ca＜2.10 mmol/L)和正常血钙组(ca 2.10-2.37 mmol/L)患者的钙、磷、钙磷乘积基本保持相对稳定.高血钙组(ca＞2.37 mmol/L)患者的血钙水平下降[HCaD(2.52±0.12)mmol/L,LCaD(2.25±0.20)mmol/L;t=4.153,P=0.001],血磷水平保持稳定,钙磷乘积下降[HCaD(4.94±1.19)mmol2/L2,LCaD(4.10±0.80)mmol2/L2;t=2.587,P=0.012].iPTH水平于低血钙组保持相对稳定,于正常血钙组[HCaD(20.18±11.00)pmol/L;LCaD(37.45±32.61)pmol/L;t=-2.351,P=0.032]和高血钙组[HCaD(14.68±12.98)pmol/L,LCaD(40.19±33.20)pmol/L;t=-3.432,P=0.004]均有升高.结论 1.25 mmoL/L钙浓度透析液可应用于多数不同血钙浓度的患者,长期应用低钙透析液可以降低血钙,促进PTH分泌,有利于减少转移性钙化和动力缺失性骨病的发生,但同时增加了继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的风险.     

以血浆作透析液在肝移植术前的应用

目的以人体新鲜冰冻血浆作透析液行血液透析(PHD)后继续进行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH),观察其对肝移植术前高胆红素血症及血浆细胞因子水平的影响。方法4例拟行肝移植手术的肝功能衰竭患者行PHD治疗6 h后,应用同一滤器(AV600)继续行CVVH治疗24 h。分别检测治疗前后血清胆红素(TB、DB、IB)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、血氨(BA)及细胞因子TNF-a,IL-6和IL-8的水平。结果PHD治疗6 h后患者总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、间接胆红素(IB)和总胆汁酸(TBA)分别下降(24.38±4.89)%(、26.23±2.67)%(、25.02±0.01)%、(27.38±8.59)%(P<0.05);PHD后继续行CVVH治疗24 h,总胆红素(TB)仍有所下降(10.61±0.32)%;CVVH在清除血氨,纠正电解质和酸碱失衡方面比PHD更有效(P<0.05);PHD及CVVH治疗后TNF-aI、L 6、IL-8较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05)。结论对肝功能衰竭患者,PHD联合CVVH治疗能显著降低血清胆红素、总胆汁酸、血氨及炎性细胞因子水平,调节水、电解质和酸碱平衡。