外伤性延迟性血气胸的诊治

目的总结胸部外伤后延迟性血气胸的诊治经验。方法详细体格检查，监测生命体征，定时摄床边胸片复查，必要时行胸腔穿刺、胸腔闭式引流、剖胸手术。结果82例延迟性血气胸均得到及时诊断和治疗，其中77例治愈，5例因分别合并严重颅脑外伤、失血性休克、ARDS而死亡。结论胸部外伤或多发伤患者要考虑到发生延迟性血气胸的可能性，严密监测，及时复查，及时采取胸腔穿刺或引流等抢救措施，大多数延迟性血气胸转归良好。     

22例胸廓、脊柱畸形青年肺通气功能、右心改变相关性分析

目的 对胸廓畸形程度与肺通气功能、右心改变作相关性分析。方法 对22例18－22岁胸廓、脊柱畸形青年,以笔者拟定的“身高形变指数”、“胸廓形变指数”及按文献方法测定的脊柱畸变成角度数,综合判断残疾程度,同时检测其血氧饱和度、肺通气功能、心电图及超声心动图,综合评价其肺呼吸功能和右心改变,作相关分析。结果 初步显示本文所拟残疾指标的适用性以及与通气功能的相关性,而与右心改变尚未显示明显的相关性;部分指标提示脊柱中段变形可导致右心改变。结论 进一步证明胸廓、脊柱残疾导致慢性肺源性心脏病在发病机制上与COPD类疾病的差异。     

Chest imaging with flat-panel detector at low and standard doses: comparison with storage phosphor technology in normal patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of standard-dose and low-dose cesium iodide (CsI)-doted amorphous silicon (a-Si) flat-panel detector technology (FDT) as compared with storage-phosphor technology (SPT) in the depiction of relevant anatomical structures in chest radiography. In 75 patients referred for thoracic CT, digital chest radiographs were randomly obtained with either SPT at a standard dose (speed class S400, n=25), standard-dose FDT (S400, n=25) or FDT at a low dose (S800, n=25). Five radiologists evaluated the visibility of eight pulmonary and mediastinal anatomical structures using a five-point rating scale. To determine statistically significant differences between the three groups, the Mann-Whitney U-test was employed. No statistically significant differences were found in the depiction of eight criteria between SPT and standard-dose or low-dose FDT chest radiographs. The performance of FDT S400 was equal to SPT for most criteria and better for retrocardiac structures and soft tissue. FDT S800 was inferior to both SPT and FDT S400. Standard-dose FDT is equivalent to SPT in the depiction of relevant anatomical structures of the chest. Our results also indicate that a dose reduction of 50% with FDT may result in small but not significant decrease of image quality.     

Poland's syndrome with lung cancer. A case report

Poland's syndrome, a rare congenital anomaly characterized by pectoralis muscle defect, has been reported in association with lymphoreticular malignancies and some solid tumors. Lung cancer associated with Poland's syndrome has not been previously described. We present the first report of a case of Poland's syndrome associated with lung cancer and demonstrate the CT findings.     

Is ultrasound really helpful in the detection of rib fractures?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of ultrasound in the detection of rib fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed over a 3-month period. Patients presenting with a high clinical suspicion of rib fracture(s) to the Accident and Emergency Department were referred for radiological work-up with a PA chest radiograph, an oblique rib view and a chest ultrasound. Associated lesions, e.g. pleural effusion, splenic laceration and pneumothorax were recorded. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were radiologically assessed. The mean patient age was 31 years (range 16-55 years) and the M:F ratio 3.7:1 (11 men and 3 women). Ten patients displayed a total of 15 broken ribs. Chest radiography detected 11, oblique rib views 13 and ultrasound 14 broken ribs. Ultrasound findings included discontinuity of cortical alignment in 12 fractures, an acoustic linear edge shadow in nine and a reverberation artifact in six. Concordance with plain film findings, and especially oblique rib views, was good, though better when the rib fractures fragments were markedly displaced. One splenic laceration was detected with an associated small pleural effusion. There were no pneumothoraces. The average time of ultrasound examination was 13 min. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound does not significantly increase the detection rate of rib fractures, may be uncomfortable for the patient and is too time-consuming to justify its routine use to detect rib fractures.     

Unusual sites of lymph node metastases and pitfalls in their detection

This pictorial review discusses and illustrates unusual sites of lymph node metastases and their mimics.     

Thorakale Veränderungen bei zystischer Fibrose im Kindesalter

Zusammenfassung Die zystische Fibrose (Mukoviszidose) ist die häufigste angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankung in Europa. Sie wird autosomal-rezessiv vererbt und hat in Europa eine Inzidenz von 1:2500.Die Lungenbeteiligung beeinflusst die Morbidität und die Mortalität am deutlichsten. Durch die verbesserte Diagnostik und Therapie ist die Lebenserwartung in den letzten Jahrzehnten gestiegen. Die zugrundeliegende Pathologie besteht in einem Gendefekt, welcher für einen gestörten Transport von Chlorid verantwortlich ist. In der Folge bilden exokrine Drüsen einen wasserarmen, zähen Schleim, welcher u. a. die Atemwege verlegt und Entzündungen begünstigt. Dadurch entsteht ein Circulus vitiosus, der in der Zerstörung des Lungengewebes mündet. Die konventionelle Röntgenaufnahme stellt die derzeit wichtigste radiologische Untersuchungsmethode dar, die Computertomographie erfasst die Morphologie jedoch besser und früher. Die Magnetresonanztomographie stellt einen aktuellen Forschungsschwerpunkt dar und bietet durch die Möglichkeit einer zusätzlichen funktionellen Bildgebung interessante Aspekte für die Zukunft.     

CT-guided percutaneous core biopsies of pulmonary lesions. Diagnostic accuracy, complications and therapeutic impact

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, complications, and therapeutic impact of CT-guided percutaneous core biopsies of pulmonary lesions.Material and Methods: Seventy-nine patients underwent diagnostic CT-guided percutaneous core biopsies of pulmonary lesions between July 1995 and March 1999. Evaluation included corresponding clinical data, pathologic results, and therapeutic consequences.Results: There were 29 benign and 50 malignant lesions. Percutaneous core biopsy had an overall diagnostic accuracy of 95%. For malignant lesions, core biopsy was positive in 48 patients (sensitivity 96%), and for benign lesions, in 27 (sensitivity 93%). There were no false-positive findings. Pneumothoraces were observed in 19 patients (24%) and 4 of them required a chest drain (5%). There were no hematothoraces or major bleeding complications; however, postinterventional local hemorrhages were observed in 23 patients (29%). No hemoptysis was noted.Conclusion: Percutaneous core biopsies of pulmonary lesions offer excellent diagnostic accuracy for both benign and malignant pulmonary lesions at a low complication rate.     

Transthoracic Ultrasound Elastography in Pulmonary Lesions and Diseases

Ultrasound elastography has shown promising result in the diagnosis of various diseases; however, its application for pulmonary diseases has yet to be clarified. This study aimed to assess the application and feasibility of ultrasound elastography in various pulmonary lesions and diseases. We enrolled 45 patients with radiographic evidence of pneumonia, tumors or obstructive pneumonitis, and 70 ultrasonic lesions were identified (eight necrosis, 17 atelectasis, seven consolidation and 38 tumors). Ultrasound elastography was performed and the strain ratio, which is the ratio of strain of the reference tissue to an equally measuring region of interest of a lesion, was measured. The strain ratio was significantly different among lesions with different ultrasound morphologies (1.03 ± 0.71 [necrosis] vs. 2.51 ± 1.14 [atelectasis] vs. 19.98 ± 15.59 [consolidation] vs. 36.19 ± 20.18 [tumor]; p < 0.05). The strain ratio of primary lung cancer was also significantly different from pneumonia (p = 0.023) and metastatic lung cancer (p = 0.015). In conclusion, transthoracic ultrasound elastography can differentiate pulmonary lesions with different ultrasound morphologies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02636985.     

Ultrasonic signs of pneumothorax: Preliminary work

Ultrasonography is considered to have limited application in respiratory diseases because air reflects sound waves. Twenty-four patients with radiologically confirmed pneumothorax and 100 healthy subjects underwent sonography. In all normal subjects, the hyperechoic pulmonary interface showed respiratory motions termed the “gliding sign” with some comet-tail artifacts. Sonographic signs were shown in all pneumothoraces: disappearance of the gliding sign and no comet tails. The extent of collapse cannot be evaluated, but it is possible to determine its area in partial pneumothorax (N = 5). The follow-up (N = 8) showed the reappearance of the gliding sign. Ultrasonography may be helpful in diagnosing pneumothorax in certain cases. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.