Pediatric thoracic trauma: Current trends

Pediatric thoracic trauma is relatively uncommon but results in disproportionately high levels of morbidity and mortality when compared with other traumatic injuries. These injuries are often more devastating due to differences in children׳s anatomy and physiology relative to adult patients. A high index of suspicion is of utmost importance at the time of presentation because many significant thoracic injuries will have no external signs of injury. With proper recognition and management of these injuries, there is an associated improved long-term outcome. This article reviews the current literature and discusses the initial evaluation, current management practices, and future directions in pediatric thoracic trauma.     

El hilio pulmonar,dos signos radiológicos clásicos para descifrarlo

Assessing the hilum of the lung is a common challenge in daily practice because various structures converge in this complex anatomic region. Because chest X-rays are widely available and deliver relatively low doses of radiation, they continue to be the most common imaging test, although new imaging modalities have decreased the use of chest X-rays for differentiating between true abnormalities and superimposed lung opacities. This article reviews the literature and describes the principal anatomic relations of the lung hilum through illustrative cases to enable the two most important radiologic signs to be identified: “hilum overlay” and “hilum convergence”. In the initial imaging evaluation of patients with cardiothoracic disease, knowledge of these basic principles facilitates the three-dimensional location of lesions in a single-plane image, optimizing time and resources.     

Quand les malformations pulmonaires congénitales doivent-elles être opérées ?

Both technical and anatomical features and the need for a long follow-up, usually over several years, explain the specificity of lung surgery in children. Apart from the oncological resections, the main indications for this surgery are congenital lung anomalies (cystic adenomatoid malformation, bronchopulmonary sequestration, lobar emphysema), symptomatic postinfectious lesions (bronchiectasis, atelectasis, abscess) and pneumothorax. Advances in miniaturization of the surgical equipment are used to carry the majority of these interventions by thoracoscopy, except when performed at the neonatal period. In the newborn, for which the indications for lung surgical resections are exceptional, ventilatory conditions and the tightness of the chest lead to still prefer open surgery. Pulmonary malformations can also be managed prenatally when they affect lung development or cause heart failure because of compressive complications. These interventions, performed after the 30th week of gestation, are not intended to remove the lesions, but to release the compression. But these procedures are still under evaluation and, in light of possible fetal and maternal complications, they should only be performed in tertiary centers and in the context of specific protocols.     

基于四维CT图像的人体胸腔动态仿真模型研究进展

对于不适于手术治疗的胸腹腔肿瘤患者,个体化放疗是行之有效的治疗手段。基于CT、MRI的图像引导放射治疗(IGRT)和强调放射治疗(IMRT)可基本解决静止靶区的精确放疗问题,但对于胸腹腔内的运动靶区效果欠佳。基于四维CT(4D-CT)图像构建动态胸腔模型,可以准确真实反映人体胸腔内部器官和组织的运动情况,对实现个体化精确放疗有重要应用价值。本文对目前构建动态胸腔模型的主要方法及其研究进展进行综述。     

Proximal myofascial pain in patients with distal complex regional pain syndrome of the upper limb

BackgroundPatients suffering from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) endure myofascial-related pain in at least 50% of cases.AimsTo evaluate the association of upper limb CRPS with myofascial pain in muscles that might influence arm or hand pain, and to evaluate whether the paraspinal skin and subcutaneous layers’ tenderness and allodynia are associated with CRPS.MethodsA case-control study comprising 20 patients presenting with upper limb CRPS, and 20 healthy controls matched for sex and age, were evaluated in the thoracic paraspinal area and myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) (infraspinatus, rhomboids, subclavius, serratus posterior superior and pectoralis minor) via a skin rolling test.ResultsThe prevalence of MTrPs in the affected extremity of the subjects was significantly higher than in the right limb of the controls: 45% exhibited active and latent MTrPs in the infraspinatus muscle (χ² = 11.613, p = 0.001); 60% in active and latent MTrPs in the subclavius muscle (χ² = 17.143, p < 0.001); and in the pectoralis minor muscle (χ2 = 13.786, p < 0.001). In addition, 55% of the cases exhibited active and latent MTrPs in the serratus posterior superior muscle (χ² = 15.172, p < 0.001). Significant differences between the groups in skin texture and pain levels (p = 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) demonstrated that CRPS patients felt more pain, and their skin and subcutaneous layers were much tighter than in the healthy controls.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of MTrPs in the shoulder and upper thoracic area muscles in subjects who suffer from CRPS. We recommend adding an MTrPs evaluation to the standardized examination of these patients.     

胸部手术后胸腔引流管的应用探讨

目的探讨胸部手术后常规引流管与改进后的引流管的引流效果。方法将2002年6月~2004年6月收治的胸外科患者随机分为两组,改进组134例,对照组106例,关胸后分别施行改进的和常规的胸腔引流方法。改进组的胸腔引流管长约60 cm,一端剪2个侧孔,置于病变处,于肋膈角处再剪一侧孔,引出体外接引流瓶。结果改进组发现胸腔局灶积液11例(8.2%),经1~2次定位穿刺抽吸后消失。而对照组发现胸腔局灶性积液42例(39.6%),其中33例经一次定位穿刺抽吸后消失,7例多次定位穿刺抽吸后消失,18例患者发热持续1周以上。结论两组并发胸腔积液率有显著差异(P<0.01)。改进后的胸腔引流管优于常规引流管。     

Castleman病的CT表现

目的：提高对巨大淋巴结增生(Castleman病)CT表现的认识。方法：分析3例经手术病理或穿刺活检证实的巨大淋巴结增生患者的CT表现．总结其特征。结果：3例中2例病灶位于肠系膜，1例位于纵隔。动态增强CT扫描．所有的病灶在动脉期明显强化．在延迟期均表现为持续强化。结论：纵隔或肠系膜富血供的病变．在动脉期明显强化．延迟期持续强化．提示Castleman病的诊断。     

胸部多源血供皮瓣在颌颈部组织缺损或畸形修复中的应用

目的 探讨颌颈部组织缺损和畸形的适宜修复方法.方法 2006年1月-2008年11月,笔者采用胸部多源血供皮瓣(含预扩张皮瓣)对18例严重颌颈部组织缺损或畸形患者进行修复,分别选取颈横动脉前皮支、胸廓内动脉肋间前穿支、胸外侧动脉作为皮瓣的血管蒂.结果 除1例患者颈横动脉前皮支岛状皮瓣远端形成小范围表皮水疱,经短期换药愈合外,其余皮瓣完全成活;颌颈部组织缺损或畸形得到了较好的修复.随访6个月～2年,患者修复处外观及功能满意,无继发畸形.结论 胸部皮瓣血供来源多而恒定,在考虑患者的主观要求、全身情况、缺损部位和范围的前提下,选择以适宜血管为蒂的胸部岛状或窄蒂皮瓣可以达到良好的修复效果.