Primary versus secondary anastomosis in intestinal atresia

Purpose

Neonates with intestinal atresia (IA) undergo either primary anastomosis (PA) or ostomy creation with secondary anastomosis (SA). Our purpose was to compare outcomes for PA and SA and to assess factors influencing procedure selection.

Venous thromboembolism following inpatient pediatric surgery: Analysis of 153,220 patients

Purpose

To evaluate venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates and risk factors following inpatient pediatric surgery.

重症急性胰腺炎术后早期肠内营养支持治疗人体肠粘膜的形态学变化

目的 研究重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者术后肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(TPN)支持治疗后人体肠粘膜结构的形态学变化,并探讨其临床意义.方法 40例接受手术治疗的SAP患者随机分成EN组(20例)和TPN组(20例),在分别采用肠内外营养支持治疗后,采用全自动速率散射比浊法测定前白蛋白(PAB)和转铁蛋白(TRF)水平,比较营养支持效果;并用新的微创方法获取活体肠粘膜标本,用普通光镜和透射电镜观察肠粘膜结构的变化.结果 EN组患者PAB水平在术后7 d和14 d时高于TPN组(P＜0.05),而TRF水平在观察期内各组没有明显差别;光镜下观察,术后14 d EN组空肠绒毛高度高于TPN组(P＜0.05),电镜下,术后14 d EN组空肠上皮细胞微绒毛高度也高于TPN组(P＜0.05),同时也高于自身的营养支持前的微绒毛高度(P＜0.05).在TPN组术后14 d还观察到空肠粘膜上皮细胞内线粒体肿胀、脊变粗、粗面内质网和核仁肿胀,细胞紧密联结处出现异物沉淀等病理学改变,而EN组则无上述现象.结论 对SAP患者术后早期实施EN能够保护肠粘膜结构,其治疗效果优于单纯的TPN.     

术后功能性胃排空障碍的诊断和治疗25例临床分析

目的 探讨腹部术后功能性胃排空障碍(胃瘫)的临床诊断及治疗方法。方法 对西南医院临床诊治25例施行腹部手术后发生术后胃瘫病人的外科疾病、临床表现、诊断方法、治疗手段进行回顾性分析。结果 术前长期流出道梗阻或恶性肿瘤的病人，行不伴胃切除的胃空肠吻合术、胰十二指肠切除术后胃瘫的发病率较高；诊断方法主要依靠胃镜、上消化道造影及核素胃排空试验；经肠外营养支持为主的保守治疗后18例(72％)胃肠动力在术后4周内恢复，22例(88％)术后5周内恢复，2例(8％)在手术7周后恢复者均为再次手术的病人。结论 采用肠外营养联合促胃肠动力药物的保守支持治疗是治疗术后胃瘫的有关手段，应避免再手术。     

谷氨酰胺在胃肠道术后患者全胃肠外营养中的疗效评价

目的：探讨在胃肠术后予加入谷氨酰胺的TPN的疗效。方法：32例胃肠道手术患者随即均分为对照组和Gin组,对两组病人胃肠功能恢复情况、术前术后蛋白质合成、氮平衡及等情况进行比较。结果：Gin组患者的并发症发生率及住院时间均较对照组低,并有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;同时,肠功能恢复时间Gin组（58．7±8．7）h短于对照组（60．3±6．7）h,但两组间差异无统计学意义;两组术后12d血清白蛋白、前白蛋白均有回升,但对照TPN组均明显低于Gln组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后第8dGin组氮平衡的改善明显优对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：加用谷氨酰胺的TPN的疗效是有利于改善胃肠道术后患者营养状况和促进胃肠功能的恢复。     

术后早期肠内营养对老年食管癌患者免疫功能和预后的影响

目的：研究术后早期肠内营养对老年食管癌患者免疫功能和预后的影响。方法：选取2011年1月至2013年12月期间收治的100例食管癌患者作为研究对象,将100例患者随机分为两组,其中观察组50例,采取早期肠内营养（EEN）;对照组50例,采取胃肠外营养（TPN）,比较两组患者的临床指标、胃肠功能和术后并发症、营养状态和免疫功能。结果：两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后48h的液体引流量无统计学差异（ P＞0．05）,患者术后的住院时间和住院花费具有统计学差异（ P＜0．05）。两组患者的术后首次排气时间和排便时间具有统计学差异（ P＜0．05）,患者的胃肠道反应和并发症发生率无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。观察组患者的体重损失（－0．24±0．87）kg,对照组患者体重损失（0．79±1．23）kg,无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。两组患者术后1周的ALB和PA水平具有统计学差异（P＜0．05）。术后1周,两组患者的血清免疫球蛋白和CD3＋、CD4＋和CD4＋／CD8＋具有统计学差异（ P＜0．05）。结论：早期的肠内营养可以促进患者营养状态和免疫功能的恢复,缩短住院时间。     

胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的临床分析

目的:观察胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持临床效果.方法:45例胃癌术后患者随机分为两组:肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)组和完全胃肠外营养(total parenteral nutrition,TPN)组,分别为23、22例.EN组手术后24 h内经空肠近端营养管输注液体肠内营养制剂能全力(Nutrison Fibre),TPN组经锁骨下中心静脉静滴,共7 d.结果:两组患者术后体重均较术前略低(P＜0.01),但组间比较差异无统计学意义.两组总淋巴细胞计数、CD4 /CD8 营养支持前后差异无统计学意义,总蛋白、白蛋白组间比较差异无统计学意义.谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素及直接胆红素组间比较差异无统计学意义.EN组较TPN组肠功能恢复快,排便时间早(P＜0.01),平均住院费用低.伤口愈合情况、住院天数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:胃癌患者术后早期行肠内营养有利于肠功能恢复,住院费较低,易为患者接受.     

Effect of different chloride infusion rates on plasma base excess during neonatal parenteral nutrition

Routine biochemical monitoring of parenterally fed newborn infants revealed plasma chloride levels which were higher than widely quoted reference ranges. The parenteral nutrition solutions were reformulated to reduce the chloride infusion rate. In a historically controlled study, 28 infants receiving the original formulation were compared with 31 infants receiving the new formulation. The mean plasma chloride level was 4.8 mmol/l lower in the new formulation group than in the original formulation group (95% confidence interval 2.5–7.2 mmol/l). The mean base excess level was 3.1 mmol/l higher in the new formulation group than in the original formulation group (95% confidence interval 1.9–4.8 mmol/l). A reduction in the chloride load by using acetate salts can be safely achieved and may decrease the plasma chloride levels and decrease acidosis during the first seven days of life.     

Phosphate Supplementation in Parenteral Nutrition

Pronounced serum phosphate deficiency has been shown to be deleterious when starting parenteral nutrition in severely malnourished patients. The consequences of phosphate deficiency and the need for phosphate supplementation in critically ill patients are not well known. Thirty ICU patients randomized into two groups were studied. The patients received complete parenteral nutrition with and without addition of extra phosphate. The low phosphate group got 7.5 mmol phosphate (from the phospholipids in the fat emulsion) and the high phosphate group got 60-80 mmol phosphate/day. There were no significant differences in serum phosphate or calcium levels between the groups. In the high phosphate group the phosphate balance was positive and calcium balance zero while in the low phosphate group both phosphate and calcium balances were negative. The phosphate content in a standard nutrition programme is not sufficient to create a positive phosphate balance. With the addition of 80 mmol phosphate/day a positive balance was achieved. It is hard to establish guidelines for the administration of phosphate in ICU patients. 20-40 mmol may normally be satisfactory but we have shown that ICU patients may need and can tolerate up to 80 mmol/day.     

The effects of administering hyperalimentation solutions into the atrium and pulmonary artery

Pulmonary hypertension, edema, and congestion have been found in three infants who died after infusion of chronic TPN solutions through catheters placed into the right atrium (RA) or pulmonary artery (PA). In 24 anesthetized dogs receiving varying concentrations of dextrose and water through catheters placed into the RA, the endothelium of the RA evidenced injury only when concentrations of 20% DW or greater were infused. Both the main PA and distal PA endothelium showed evidence of injury only when concentrations higher than 40% DW were infused. When solutions were infused directly into the main PA, the main PA endothelium revealed injury if more than 15% DW was infused, and the distal PA showed moderate endothelial injury when 10% DW or greater was infused. The distal PA evidenced more severe endothelial injury after concentrated dextrose solution infusion than either the RA or main PA. Pulmonary congestion, edema, and hypertension became increasingly prominent when 24-hour infusions of 10% DW or more were placed into the main PA, or concentrations higher than 40% were infused into the RA. Distal PA endothelial injury appears to correlate directly with the severity of pulmonary congestion, suggesting endothelial cell emboli.