孙远征教授运用循经远取动法治疗痛症举隅

痛症是临床上较为常见的症状之一,往往影响患者的工作与生活,近年来得到了人们的广泛重视.孙远征教授在明辨痛症病因、针灸镇痛机理的基础上,根据传统经络循行及疼痛部位的特点,结合"标本根结"理论,遵循"经脉所过,主治所及"和"上病下治,下病上治"的选穴原则,同时配合运动疗法,提出了循经远取动法治疗痛症.尤其在治疗软组织痛症方...     

基于SunONE平台的医院进修生信息管理系统

采用基于J2EE的Sun ONE架构开发进修生信息管理系统,具有可集成性和便于操作的优点.应用该系统可对进修申请、收费确认、学员在院、离院等进行规范化管理,不仅提高了科学管理水平,而且优化了管理工作流程.使用本系统以来,对进修生管理手段更加科学化,增加了各个部门之间的协调力度,提高了办事效率.     

拟缺香茶菜的化学成分研究

目的研究拟缺香茶菜Rabdosia excisoides的化学成分。方法利用硅胶柱色谱法进行分离和纯化,通过谱学分析鉴定单体化合物结构。结果从拟缺香茶菜分离鉴定2个化合物,化合物Ⅰ命名为拟缺香茶菜甲素(excisoidesinA);化合物Ⅱ鉴定为齐墩果酸。结论化合物Ⅰ为首次发现的新二萜成分。     

SPF290分析系统与人体试验测定日光防护指数的比较研究

日光防护指数是评价遮光剂防止紫外线晒伤作用的一个重要指标。本实验通过人体试验方法和ＳＰＦ２９０分析系统体外试验方法分别测试了１２种遮光剂样吕的ＳＰＦ值。结果显示两种方法之间有很好的相关性，用两种方法测得的ＳＰＦ值间均无显著性差异。     

A CO2 greenhouse efficiently warmed the early Earth and decreased seawater 18O/16O before the onset of plate tectonics

The low ¹⁸O/¹⁶O stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) of ancient chemical sediments imply ∼70 °C Archean oceans if the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (sw) was similar to modern values. Models suggesting lower δ¹⁸O_sw of Archean seawater due to intense continental weathering and/or low degrees of hydrothermal alteration are inconsistent with the triple oxygen isotope composition (Δ’¹⁷O) of Precambrian cherts. We show that high CO₂ sequestration fluxes into the oceanic crust, associated with extensive silicification, lowered the δ¹⁸O_sw of seawater on the early Earth without affecting the Δ’¹⁷O. Hence, the controversial long-term trend of increasing δ¹⁸O in chemical sediments over Earth’s history partly reflects increasing δ¹⁸O_sw due to decreasing atmospheric pCO₂. We suggest that δ¹⁸O_sw increased from about −5‰ at 3.2 Ga to a new steady-state value close to −2‰ at 2.6 Ga, coinciding with a profound drop in pCO₂ that has been suggested for this time interval. Using the moderately low δ¹⁸O_sw values, a warm but not hot climate can be inferred from the δ¹⁸O of the most pristine chemical sediments. Our results are most consistent with a model in which the “faint young Sun” was efficiently counterbalanced by a high-pCO₂ greenhouse atmosphere before 3 Ga.

The amount of carbon that degassed from a solidifying magma ocean on the infant Earth 4.5 Ga ago was probably similar to the amount of CO₂ that is now present in the atmosphere of Venus (pCO₂ ∼90 bar) (1). Subsequently, dynamic carbon cycling between the early Earth’s atmosphere (atmospheric reservoir [R_A]), the ocean (R_O), and the oceanic crust (R_OC) reservoirs stabilized a primordial Earth–atmospheric pCO₂ to about 1.5 bar (2). Decreasing pCO₂ over the Earth’s history reflects the net transfer of large masses of carbon out of the atmosphere-ocean-oceanic crust (R_A+O+OC) system into the mantle and the emerging continental crust reservoir (R_CC), the latter providing a long-term sink for carbon in the form of inorganic carbon (carbonate rocks) and organic material (organic matter–rich shales, coal, oil, and gas) (1, 2).Early carbon-cycle models predicted high Archean pCO₂ to account for the faint young Sun paradox (2, 3), whereas direct pCO₂ estimates from the end of the Archean now imply much lower atmospheric pCO₂ [∼0.01 to 0.1 bar (4)]. However, a compilation of evidence from the sedimentary record implies much higher pCO₂ between 3.2 to 3.0 Ga compared to the 2.9 to 2.7 Ga interval (5). These authors state that even several bars pCO₂ are feasible between 3.2 to 3.0 Ga, which is not in conflict with much lower Neoarchean pCO₂ estimates (Fig. 1) or paleo-atmospheric pressure estimates at 2.7 Ga [<2 bar (6) and <0.5 bar (7)]. A fundamental drop in atmospheric CO₂ mixing ratio is also reflected in the observation that >3 Ga, Archean mafic crust (greenstones) is commonly characterized by very intense carbonatization and silicification that is unparalleled in their modern analogs (8–12). Such observations provide evidence for deep-time paleo-pCO₂ fluctuations with a drastic pCO₂ drop starting around 3 Ga ago (5, 13).Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Constraints on the R_A+O+OC size over time with implications for pCO₂. A illustrates the size of the R_A+O+OC carbon reservoir and its distribution between the oceanic crust (R_OC in gray), ocean water (R_O in dark blue), and the atmosphere (R_A in light blue). Transition of this carbon to the long-term R_CC and the mantle (green) decreases the size of the R_A+O+OC reservoir, which was still large at 3.2 Ga (see SI Appendix) and minimal at the onset of the global glaciations at 2.4 Ga. B shows two recent pH curves over Earth’s history to illustrate how the pH-dependent distribution of carbon between R_A and R_O may translate into pCO₂ at a given time. (C) The panel summarizes pCO₂ estimates [adopted from Catling and Zahnle (4)] and proposed pCO₂ evolution curves illustrated as dashed lines: a (2), b (18), and c (proposed here). Qualitative evidence to construct curve c comes from rare evidence for glaciers (44) and lower degrees of carbonatization of oceanic crust at 3.5 Ga compared to 3.2 Ga (13), suggesting a transient interval of somewhat low pCO₂ in the Paleoarchean. Low pCO₂ is indicated prior to the onset of cold climates later in the rock record. The black bar at 4.5 Ga is derived from carbon-flux arguments and the primordial carbon reservoir (1, 2). The black bar at 3.2 Ga applies the same carbon-flux arguments to translate the high carbonate content observed in the oceanic crust in Pilbara into tentative pCO₂ estimates (SI Appendix), which are most consistent with curve a (2).Today, carbonatization, which is the formation of carbonates during alteration of the oceanic crust, mainly occurs in relatively cool, off-axis hydrothermal systems over the first 20 Mya after crust formation at midocean ridges (14–16). Elevated degrees of carbonatization in oceanic crust from the Cretaceous and Jurassic are assigned to higher dissolved inorganic carbon at the time (14). Hence, higher pCO₂ (i.e., a larger R_A+O+OC) directly translates into higher degrees of carbonatization. While carbonate is mainly observed as vein fillings in the upper 300 m of oceanic crust today (14, 15), it extensively replaces glass and igneous minerals in Archean greenstones down to depths of 2 km below the ancient seafloor (8–10, 17). The amount of CO₂ fixed in 3.2-Ga-old oceanic crust from Pilbara, Australia is estimated at 1.2 × 10⁷ mol ⋅ m⁻² (±10%) (17)—a remarkable figure that is about two orders of magnitude more compared to today (SI Appendix). Much lower degrees of carbonatization in oceanic crust are already observed at 2.6 Ga, suggesting a drastic Mesoarchean drop in pCO₂ (13) (Fig. 1A).The qualitative evidence from the sediment record (5) and from the degree of carbonatization and silicification of oceanic crust (13) has not been included in proposed pCO₂ curves (4, 18) because the quantitative conversions into absolute pCO₂ require some assumptions (SI Appendix). Nevertheless, pCO₂ during the early Archean may have been as high as initially predicted by Kasting (2), followed by a pronounced Mesoarchean drop (13) to levels consistent with available paleo-pCO₂ estimates toward the Neoarchean (4) (stippled line “c” in Fig. 1C). Further decreasing pCO₂ toward modern levels partly reflects increasing ocean pH (Fig. 1) rather than a shrinking R_A+O+OC (SI Appendix). Hence, only small effects of carbonatization on the δ¹⁸O_sw value are expected for post-Archean seawater (16). Here, we focus on the very high carbonatization (8–10, 13) and silicification (11, 12) fluxes before the Mesoarchean pCO₂ drop, and we model the respective effects on ancient δ¹⁸O_sw.     

The effect of UV radiation and sun blockers on free radical defence in human and guinea pig epidermis

Summary Defence against oxidative damage by UV-generated free radicals in both guinea pig and human skin has been found to be mediated by the ubiquitous thioprotein, thioredoxin reductase. Human keratinocytes contain approximately 5% thioredoxin reductase in their total acidic protein fraction and also express membrane-associated enzyme activity in cells cultured in synthetic medium. The thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system has been shown to reduce superoxide anion radicals through hydrogen peroxide to water. However, both UVA and UVB radiation, below the minimal erythemal dose, generate a sufficiently high concentration of oxygen radicals to deactivate thioredoxin reductase considerably. In albino guinea pigs, enzyme deactivation was up to 70% for UVA and 66% for UVB (n=10 animals/protocol). The application of sun blockers SPF₄, SPF₈ and SPF₁₅ to albino guinea pig skin offered no significant protection for the deactivation of thioredoxin reductase by either UVA or UVB radiation. In the human population (n=15), thioredoxin reductase was deactivated by 54% with UVA and 36% with UVB radiation, although the degree of enzyme inhibition depended on skin phototype (I–VI, Fitzpatrick Classification). SPF₂₄ offered considerable protection for thioredoxin reductase against both UVA and UVB for skin types I and II. However, SPF₂₄ yielded no significant protection with UVA for skin types III–VI, and enhanced the enzyme inhibition with UVB additively. These results indicate that UVB photo-oxidation of oxybenzone (the UVA filter in SPF₂₄) may deactivate thioredoxin reductase in more pigmented members of the population by Michael addition of oxybenzone semiquinone to the thiolate active site of this enzyme.     

孙思邈的针灸学说及其学术贡献

孙思邈,自号孙真人,唐初著名医学家,总结唐以前临床经验和医学理论,著《备急千金要方》及《千金翼方》二书。孙氏学识渊博,品德高尚,其学术思想是多方面的,如重视医德与医术相结合,将医为仁术的精神具体化;重视对药学和方剂学的研究,被后世誉为药王;研究伤寒的观点和方法对后世启发颇多;提倡食治与养性、养老等。此外,孙思邈在针灸学研究方面亦十分突出,他保存了唐以前重要的针灸文献史料,并首绘彩色《明堂经图》;明确指寸取穴法,勘定穴位,发展经穴理论;完善针灸治疗大法,重视针灸预防与治疗作用;临证重视诊脉刺灸,治疗疾病针、灸、药并重,对后世针灸学的发展具有重要贡献,今以《备急千金要方》及《千金翼方》二书中的针灸内容为据,探讨孙思邈在针灸学方面的主要学术贡献。     

In vitro evaluation of UV opacity potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aloe vera</Emphasis> L. gel from different germplasms

In this study, lyophilized crude and methanolic extracts of aloe gel from different germplasms (S24, RM, TN, OR, and RJN) of Aloe vera L. were tested for their ultraviolet (UV) opacity potential. UV absorption profiles, sun protection factor (SPF), and percentage blocking of UVA and UVB were considered to test UV opacity potential. Both the extracts showed UV absorption and followed the same path in the wavelength range of 250–400 nm in all the germplasms. Methanolic extract showed a stronger absorptivity than the crude lyophilized extract. Among the tested germplasms, maximum UV opacity property with a SPF of 9.97% and 79.12% UVB blocking was obtained with RJN, whereas a poor response was evident in TN with a SPF of 1.37% and 28.5% UVB blocking at 4 mg/ml methanolic extract. To our knowledge the present work for the first time documents UV opacity properties of A. vera L. gel and opens up new vistas in Aloe gel characterization.