A Study of Zero Tolerance Policies in Schools: A Multi‐Integrated Systems Approach to Improve Outcomes for Adolescents

PROBLEM: School officials throughout the United States have adopted zero tolerance policies to address student discipline, resulting in an increase in out‐of‐school suspensions and expulsions. The introduction of police on school campuses also increased the referral of students to the juvenile courts. Although school personnel generally view zero tolerance policies as a constructive measure, this approach denies recent research on adolescent brain development that mischief is a foreseeable derivative of adolescence. METHODS: A case study method examined one juvenile court's innovative multi‐integrated systems approach related to the adverse trends associated with zero tolerance policies. FINDINGS: A multi‐disciplinary protocol resulted in more effective youth assessments that reduced out‐of‐school suspensions and school referrals; increased graduation rates by 20%; and decreased delinquent felony rates by nearly 50%. The resulting protocol changed how the system responds to disruptive students by significantly reducing out‐of‐school suspensions and school referrals, and putting into place alternatives as well as providing community resources to address the underlying causes of the behavior. CONCLUSION: A multi‐systems approach that targets the reasons for disruptive behavior improves student educational and behavioral outcomes.     

Properties and suspension stability of dendronized iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI applications

Functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted an increasing interest in the last 10 years as contrast agents for MRI. One challenge is to obtain homogeneous and stable aqueous suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles without aggregates. Iron oxide nanoparticles with sizes around 10 nm were synthesized by two methods: the particle size distribution in water suspension of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the co‐precipitation method was improved by a process involving two steps of ligand exchange and phase transfer and was compared with that of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by thermal decomposition and functionalized by the same dendritic molecule. The saturation magnetization of dendronized nanoparticles synthesized by thermal decomposition was lower than that of nanoparticles synthesized by co‐precipitation. The r₂ relaxivity values were shown to decrease with the agglomeration state in suspension and high r₂ values and r₂/r₁ ratios were obtained with nanoparticles synthesized by co‐precipitation by comparison with those of commercial products. Dendronized iron oxide nanoparticles thus have potential properties as contrast agent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

布洛芬混悬液在儿童发热中的应用与疗效

目的观察口服布洛芬混悬液的退热效果。方法将136例发热患儿分为口服2%布洛芬混悬液治疗组70例和肌注复方氨林巴比妥对照组66例,对两组患儿的体温变化及退热效果进行对比分析。结果两组患儿均在给药后30min内体温开始下降,治疗组体温下降明显优于对照组。治疗组用药4h后总有效67例,总有效率为95.7%;对照组总有效57例,总有效率为86.4%;两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论口服2%布洛芬混悬液退热起效快,退热效果良好,可作为儿科退热首选用药。     

硫糖铝联合法莫替丁治疗急性胃炎疗效观察

目的 观察硫糖铝联合法莫替丁治疗急性胃炎的临床疗效.方法 选择2007年3月～2012年1月于本院消化内科、内科就诊并被诊断为急性胃炎的患者217例,严格按照随机化的原则将所有入选患者按奇数、偶数分为对照组109例和治疗组108例,对照组采用法莫替丁40 mg静脉输注,治疗组在采用法莫替丁治疗的同时外加硫糖铝,治疗后两组进行疗效对比.结果 1个疗程后,治疗组的有效率为95.6%,对照组的有效率为86.2%,两组的疗效差异具有统计学意义（P 〈 0.05）.结论 硫糖铝联合法莫替丁治疗急性胃炎比单用法莫替丁能够取得更好的临床疗效,值得进一步推广使用.     

Antidepressant-like effect of ursolic acid isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis L. in mice: Evidence for the involvement of the dopaminergic system

Ursolic acid, a constituent from Rosmarinus officinalis, is a triterpenoid compound which has been extensively known for its anticancer and antioxidant properties. In the present study, we investigated the antidepressant-like effect of ursolic acid isolated from this plant in two predictive tests of antidepressant property, the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST) in mice. Furthermore, the involvement of dopaminergic system in its antidepressant-like effect was investigated in the TST. Ursolic acid reduced the immobility time in the TST (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) and in the FST (10 mg/kg, p.o.), similar to fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), imipramine (1 mg/kg, p.o.) and bupropion (10 mg/kg, p.o.). The effect of ursolic acid (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) in the TST was prevented by the pretreatment of mice with SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg, s.c., a dopamine D₁ receptor antagonist) and sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p., a dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist). The administration of a sub-effective dose of ursolic acid (0.001 mg/kg, p.o.) in combination with sub-effective doses of SKF38393 (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., a dopamine D₁ receptor agonist), apomorphine (0.5 μg/kg, i.p., a preferential dopamine D₂ receptor agonist) or bupropion (1 mg/kg, i.p., a dual dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) reduced the immobility time in the TST as compared with either drug alone. Ursolic acid and dopaminergic agents alone or in combination did not cause significant alterations in the locomotor and exploratory activities. These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of ursolic acid in the TST is likely mediated by an interaction with the dopaminergic system, through the activation of dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptors.     

Combined α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonism and partial serotonin transporter inhibition produce antidepressant-like effects in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests: a comparison of SSR180711 and PNU-282987

Emerging evidence points to an involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in major depression. Nicotine improves symptoms of depression in humans and shows antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Monoamine release is facilitated by nAChR stimulation, and nicotine-evoked serotonin (5-HT) release has been shown to depend on α7 nAChR activation. The α7 nAChR agonist PNU-282987 shows no antidepressant-like activity when tested alone in the mouse forced swim (mFST) or tail suspension tests (mTST). However, in combination with a sub-active dose of the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram, inducing ~ 50% 5-HT reuptake inhibition, PNU-282987 has shown marked antidepressant-like effects in the mFST. SSR180711 is a recently described α7 nAChR agonist that has shown antidepressant-like activity in the rat forced swim test. To address the possibility that 5-HT reuptake inhibition contributes to the antidepressant-like profile of SSR180711, we compared the behavioural and biochemical profiles of PNU-282987 and SSR180711. In the mFST and mTST, SSR180711 (3-30 mg/kg, s.c.) showed dose-dependent antidepressant-like activity, while PNU-282987 (3-30 mg/kg, s.c.) showed no significant effect. The ED₅₀ to displace [³H]α-bungarotoxin binding was 1.7 and 5.5 mg/kg for SSR180711 and PNU-282987, respectively, suggesting that both compounds produce near-maximal α7 nAChR occupancy at the highest dose. While PNU-282987 did not affect ex vivo [³H]5-HT uptake, SSR180711 inhibited [³H]5-HT uptake with an ED₅₀ of 30 mg/kg. This degree of inhibition is similar to that observed with a citalopram dose of ~ 2.4 mg/kg, a dose that is normally not active in the mFST or mTST. This suggests that the antidepressant-like activity of SSR180711 may involve partial 5-HT reuptake inhibition. SSR180711 therefore represents a compound displaying the synergistic effect of α7 nAChR agonism combined with partial 5-HT reuptake inhibition previously described. The addition of α7 nAChR agonism to classical monoamine-based mechanisms may represent a novel option for the improved treatment of major depression.     

远志醇提物对抑郁症模型小鼠的保护作用研究

目的:研究远志醇提物对抑郁症模型小鼠的保护作用。方法:通过小鼠悬尾实验、强迫游泳实验、慢性不可预知性应激+开场实验分析远志醇提物的抗抑郁作用。各小实验中雄性小鼠均分为模型对照(等容生理盐水)、氯米帕明(20mg·kg-1)和远志醇提物高、中、低剂量(10、5、2.5g·kg-1)组。结果:高、中、低剂量远志醇提物均可缩短抑郁症模型小鼠悬尾不动时间、游泳不动时间和增加移动格数。结论:远志醇提物对模型小鼠抑郁症状态有一定的改善作用。     

布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇氧气雾化吸入对哮喘患者炎症水平的影响

目的探讨布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇溶液氧气雾化吸入对哮喘患者炎症水平的影响。方法 90例哮喘患者,分成治疗组和对照组。对照组给予常规对症治疗。治疗组在对照组的基础上,加用沙丁胺醇溶液及布地奈德混悬液联合雾化吸入。结果治疗后,治疗组IL-6、IL-4、TNF-α含量低于对照组(P<0.01)。治疗组临床症状改善时间短于对照组(P<0.01)。结论布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇溶液雾化吸入治疗哮喘患者起效较快,疗效确切。     

昆明小鼠焦虑与抑郁动物模型相关性研究:明暗箱实验与悬尾实验

目的探讨明暗箱实验(light/dark box,LDB)和悬尾实验(tail suspension test,TST)作为动物模型评价昆明小鼠焦虑与抑郁情绪的相关性。方法成年♂昆明小鼠先后放入明暗穿梭箱和悬尾箱,摄像系统分别记录5 min和6 min内的行为变化,实验间隔1周,实验参数如下:LDB首次由明区进入暗区潜伏期(LDB_Latence)、明区停留时间百分率(LDB_Ltime%)、明区水平运动百分率(LDB_Lcross%)、明区垂直运动百分率(LDB_Lrear%),TST首次出现不动状态潜伏期(TST_Latence)、不动状态百分率(TST_Immobil-ity%);采用因子分析、聚类分析、相关分析、一致性检验和生存分析等多种统计方法进行数据处理。结果①因子分析和聚类分析提示,LDB参数反映焦虑情绪,TST参数反映抑郁情绪。②相关分析提示,LDB与TST参数组内具有较好相关性,而组间相关性较差;ICC和Kappa统计参数提示,LDB与TST评价焦虑与抑郁情绪一致性较差。③生存分析提示,LDB与TST半数生存期差异无统计学意义。结论LDB与TST相关参数各自独立反映了焦虑与抑郁情绪,但两者评价结果的相关性和一致性较差;在解决"特质焦虑与状态焦虑动物模型相关性"及"焦虑与抑郁动物模型相关性"科学问题时,可以考虑建立新型动物模型及综合评价方法或者筛选特质种属实验动物;而在进行药物效应评价时,可以考虑将多种动物模型联合组成"行为组学",根据不同结构维度进行"模式识别"评价。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定雷奈酸锶干混悬剂中的锶含量

目的：建立测定雷奈酸锶干混悬剂中锶含量的火焰原子吸收分光光度法。方法：使用含有0．1g·L-1铯离子和5．0g·L-1镧离子的0．1％硝酸溶液对样品进行溶解和稀释,采用空气一乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法在460．7nm波长处进行测定。结果：当锶的质量浓度在6．30～25．20mg·L-1范围内时,其吸光度和质量浓度线性关系良好,相关系数为0．9997;平均加样回收率为101．4％,RSD为1．8％;测得3批雷奈酸锶干混悬剂中锶含量分别为制剂中锶标示含量的98．7％、99．3％和99．8％。结论：该方法便捷、准确、灵敏度高,适用于雷奈酸锶干混悬剂中锶含量的测定。