Comparison of subjective perception of safe antibiotic use between European Union states

Objectives

Irresponsible antibiotic use is a major problem worldwide. European Union (EU) states implement antibiotic policy which aim is to reduce antibiotic use. Subjective perception of safe antibiotic use (PSAU) can be one of the factors which may affect antibiotic use. This study aimed to measure and to determine progress and tendency of subjective PSAU and its changes in 28 EU states with different implementation of antibiotic policies during the period of 2009–2016.

Subjective well‐being and minimum wages: Evidence from U.S. states

This paper investigates whether increases in minimum wages are associated with higher life satisfaction by using monthly‐level state minimum wages and individual‐level data from the 2005–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The magnitude I find suggests that a 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 0.03‐point increase in life satisfaction for workers without a high school diploma, on a 4‐point scale. Contrary to popular belief that higher minimum wages hurt business owners, I find little evidence that higher minimum wages lead to the loss of well‐being among self‐employed people.     

The effect of experimenter gender on autonomic and subjective responses to pain stimuli

Several studies have shown that male subjects report lower pain intensity to female compared to male experimenters. The present experiment examined whether experimenter gender also modulated autonomic pain responses. Sixty-four students (32 females) participated in a 2 Subject gender x 2 Experimenter gender x 15 Pain Tests mixed design. Six experimenters, three females and three males collected data. Heat pain was +48 degrees C induced to the right volar forearm. Subjective measurements consisted of pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, stress, arousal and mood. Autonomic responses were heart rate variability and skin conductance levels. The results revealed significant interactions between experimenter gender and subject gender on pain intensity and arousal, but there were no interactions in the physiological data. In conclusion, the lower pain report in male subjects to female experimenters is not mediated by changes in autonomic parameters, and the effect of experimenter gender is probably due to psychosocial factors.     

200例慢性肾脏疾病患者营养状况与病程进展的关系

目的探讨主观综合营养评估法（subjective global assessment of nutrition,SGA）评价慢性肾脏疾病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）2～4期患者营养状态并分析其与病程进展的关系。方法对200例CKD患者进行分组：①根据肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eG-FR）分为CKD2期组、3期组、4期组;②根据SGA评估分为营养正常组、轻一中度营养不良组和重度营养不良组;③根据病程进展分为进展1组、进展2组、进展3组。于随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月分别检测血红蛋白（hemoglobin,Hb）,白蛋白（albumin,Alb）,前白蛋白（prealbumin,PA）,血清钙（Ca）,血清磷（P）,分析CKD患者的营养状况与病程进展的关系。结果在随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月,CKD4期组与2期组Hb比较有显著性差异;4期组与3期组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但2期组与3期组比较无统计学差异;CKD2期组第1天与12个月Hb比较差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。CKD4期组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月PA比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。在第1天、12个月,营养正常组、轻一中度营养不良组、重度营养不良组Alb组间比较,差异有统计学意义;轻一中度营养不良组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。重度营养不良组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月PA比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。CKD患者不同营养状况与病程进展发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,且重度营养不良患者进展3组发生率为92．6％。结论Alb可作为营养状况的评价指标之一。CKD患者PA随着肾功能下降及病程的延长而升高。重度营养不良对CKD患者病程进展影响较大,SGA评估CKD患者的营养状态具有一定临床参考价值。     

泪点栓治疗视频终端顽固性干眼症的临床效果研究

目的：探讨泪点栓治疗视频终端顽固性干眼症的临床效果。方法选取2013年2~5月本院收治的视频终端顽固性干眼症患者59例（118只眼）,按照治疗方法不同分为两组,观察A组30例（60只眼）和观察B组29例（58只眼）,观察A组采用上下泪小点植入永久性泪点栓治疗,观察B组采用上泪小点植入临时性自溶性泪点栓,下泪小点植入永久性泪点栓治疗。结果两组治疗后3个月的BUT、Schirmer-Ⅰ明显高于治疗前,FL及主观症状评分明显低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组治疗后3个月的BUT、Schirmer-Ⅰ、FL及主观症状评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。观察A组的并发症发生率高于观察B组（P〈0.05）。结论采用泪点栓可显著改善视频终端顽固性干眼症患者的临床症状,上泪小点植入临时性自溶性泪点栓,下泪小点植入永久性泪点栓治疗安全性更高。     

Ageism and older people’s health and well-being during the Covid-19-pandemic: the moderating role of subjective aging

In the Covid-19 pandemic, being older means being in a special focus: Probabilities for severe infections and mortality rise with increasing age and protective measures for this population group have been increased. This was accompanied by public discourse that portrayed older adults stereotypically as vulnerable and frail but also highlighted the hardships younger people have to endure to protect them. Given the possibly detrimental effects of ageism on individuals and societies, we were interested in older adults’ perception of ageism in the Corona-crisis and its relation to their health and well-being. Furthermore, we were interested in subjective aging variables as moderators in the ageism–health relationship. In June 2020, N = 611 independently living people aged 60 + from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were recruited via a survey research institute and interviewed online or by phone. They reported on perceived ageism in different contexts, their life satisfaction, subjective health, subjective age and self-perceptions of aging. Depending on context, ageism was perceived by around 20% of participants, and overall negatively related to subjective health and life satisfaction after the onset of the pandemic. Moderated hierarchical regressions showed that a younger subjective age buffered the negative effect of ageism on subjective health, while perceiving aging as social loss increased its effect on life satisfaction. We discuss the importance of addressing and reducing ageism (not only) in times of crisis and the consequences for individuals and societies.     

Relationship between social capital and happiness in a Japanese community: A cross‐sectional study

The influence of social capital on happiness is attracting attention around the world. Many studies that investigated the relationship between social capital and happiness suggest that happiness correlates to a positive social environment. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social capital and happiness in a community with the lowest National Health Insurance expenditures in Miyazaki Prefecture (Japan). This cross‐sectional study targeted 2730 residents in the community aged 40–75 years who were covered by National Health Insurance in 2015. A self‐administered questionnaire consisting of questions focusing on demographic characteristics, happiness, and social capital was sent to the residents, and 1106 of them (40.5%) returned the questionnaires by the deadline. The analysis of responses indicated a positive relationship between social capital and happiness with regard to all three factors of social capital (trust, connections and interaction, and social participation). Evaluating the relationship between social capital and health in terms of happiness is important to creating a lively society in which citizens support one another, in addition to promoting physical and mental well‐being.     

离退休干部心理健康状况及幸福感分析

目的：调查分析某干休所离退休干部心理健康及幸福感状况,以便于提供科学的心理指导,提高整体健康水平。方法通过问卷调查124名离退休干部,包括一般资料、症状自评量表（SCL-90）和幸福度量表（MUNSH）,与120名在职干部进行对照分析。结果离退休干部SCL-90表中的强迫症状、人际关系敏感、焦虑、偏执及总分均显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05）,躯体化症状高于对照组（P＜0．05）;MUNSH表中离退休干部的负性情感明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）;离退休干部心理健康状况与幸福感总分具有显著相关性。结论良好的心理健康状况有利于提高幸福感,对离退休干部的心理健康问题应采取适当的干预措施。     

陕北农村老年人主观幸福感的调查分析

目的调查陕北农村地区老年人主观幸福状况及其影响因素并提出相应调节策略。方法采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)与主观幸福感量表(PGC)对陕北地区514名老人进行调查。结果 1陕北农村地区老年人主观幸福感平均得分为(12.58±5.19)分;2陕北农村地区老年人社会支持总分范围13~52分,平均(34.25±7.24)分;3影响老年人主观幸福感的因素按强度大小依次为社会支持、患慢性病状况、家庭关系状况和月收入。结论陕北农村地区老年人主观幸福感处于中等水平,应根据不同影响因素,采取策略加强老年人主观幸福感从而提高其生活质量。     

三种主观评价量表对中老年脑卒中住院病人营养评估效果的比较

目的:比较营养风险筛查2002(NRS 2002)、微型营养评价精法(MNA-SF)和整体营养状况主观评估(PG-SGA)对评估中老年脑卒中病人营养状况的效果. 方法:选取116例中老年脑卒中病人,采用NRS 2002、MNA-SF、PG-SGA和体格检查、生化检查结果评价营养状况以及营养不良的诊断和分级. 结果:NRS 2002、MNA-SF、PG-SGA的营养不良评估结果均与体格检查和生化测定结果显著相关(P＜0.05).筛选营养不良病人时,NRS 2002具有较高的灵敏度(95.7％)和特异性(50.0％),约登指数为45.7％,高于MNA-SF和PG-SGA;筛选中、重度营养不良病人时,MNA-SF具有较高的特异性(73.5％),约登指数为55.2％,高于NRS 2002和PG-SGA. 结论:对中老年脑卒中的住院病人,NRS 2002可更有效地筛选营养不良,MNA-SF可更有效地精选中、重度营养不良.